Electrovibration

Electricity 1 The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0.1 mA to 1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an electrovibration effect under certain conditions

Haptic feedback - Third 1 A new technique that does not require actuators is called Electrovibration|reverse-electrovibration. A weak current is sent from a device on the user through the object they are touching to the ground. The oscillating electric field around the skin on their finger tips creates a variable sensation of friction depending on the waveform, frequency, and amplitude of the signal.

Sensory substitution - Tactile sensory substitution systems 1 Beebec [ MC / Polarity effect in electrovibration for tactile display], IEEE Trans Biomed Eng

Electrical - Physiological effects 1 The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0.1mA to 1mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an electrovibration effect under certain conditions.

Electrovibration 1 Today, Senseg[ Senseg] and Disney Research[ research/projects/hci_teslatouch_drp.htm? v=yrnd= Disney Research: TeslaTouch] are developing technology that could bring electrovibration to modern touchscreen devices.

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