SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL STRUCTURE

SECTION 1

SOCIAL STRUCTURE THE INTERRELATED STATUSES AND ROLES THAT GUIDE HUMAN INTERACTION

STATUS THE SOCIALLY DEFINED POSITION IN A GROUP OR SOCIETY

ACHIEVED STATUS THE STATUS THAT IS ACHIEVED BY A PERSONS OWN EFFORTS EX.: ARTIST, CHEF, FRIEND, ETC.

ROLE THE BEHAVIOR EXPECTED OF SOMEONE OCCUPYING A PARTICULAR STATUS

ASCRIBED STATUS BORN WITH EX: DAUGHTER, SON, EYE COLOR, ETC.

MASTER STATUS THE STATUS THAT PLAYS THE GREATEST ROLE IN SHAPING A PERSON’S LIFE GREATEST PART OF SHAPING THEIR SOCIAL IDENTITY

ROLE EXPECTATIONS BEHAVIORS THAT ARE EXPECTED OF A PERSON PERFORMING A ROLE

ROLE SET ALL THE ROLES ATTACHED TO A SPECIFIC STATUS

ROLE CONFLICT TRYING TO MEET THE ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF ONE STATUS MAKES IT HARD TO MEET THE ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF ANOTHER EX: STUDENT LEAVES SCHOOL TO BE AT A FAMILY WEDDING

ROLE EXIT TRYING TO GET OUT OF A ROLE EX: DIVORCE, EX-CONVICTS, ETC.

ROLE STRAIN STRUGGLING TO MEET THE ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF A ROLE

SOCIAL INSTITUTION WHEN THE STATUSES AND ROLES OF A GROUP ARE ORGANIZED TO SATISFY ONE OR MORE BASIC NEED OF SOCIETY EX: FAMILY – ECONOMIC INSTITUTION – POLITICAL INSTITUTION – EDUCATION – RELIGION

SECTION 2

RECIPROCITY IF YOU DO SOMETHING FOR SOMEONE THEY OWE YOU AND SHOULD DO SOMETHING IN RETURN FOR YOU

EXCHANGE INTERACTION GOAL IS TO RECEIVE A REWARD FOR YOUR ACTIONS TAKE PLACE DAILY

ACCOMMODATION CONFLICT AND COOPERATION ARE BALANCED COMPROMISE TRUCE MEDIATION ARBITRATION

COMPETITION TWO OR MORE GROUPS OR PEOPLE OPPOSE EACH OTHER TO REACH A GOAL THAT ONLY ONE CAN ATTAIN EMPHASIS ON ACHIEVING THE GOAL FOLLOWS ACCEPTED RULES OF CONDUCT DIFFERENT THAN CONFLICT

CONFLICT DELIBERATELY OPPOSE DELIBERATE ATTEMPT TO CONTROL OR HARM SOMEONE EMPHASIS ON DEFEATING THE OPPONENT

COOPERATION PEOPLE WORK TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE A COMMON GOAL

EXCHANGE COMPETITION CONFLICT COOPERATION ACCOMMODATION TAKE PLACE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

SECTION 3

PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES GROUP: PEOPLE INTERACT BASED ON SHARED EXPECTATIONS AND SHARED COMMON IDENTITY CLASSIFY BASED ON SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: HOW DOES SOCIETY PROVIDE FOR THE NEEDS OF ITS MEMBERS FOOD PRODUCTION IS MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETY DAILY COLLECTION OF FOOD MOBILE DON’T BUILD PERMANENT VILLAGES LESS THAN 100 PEOPLE DECISIONS REACHED BY AGREEMENT FAMILY IS THE MAIN SOCIAL UNIT

PASTORAL SOCIETY DOMESTIC HERD ANIMALS FOR FOOD NOMADIC WITH HERD FOOD SOURCE MORE RELIABLE CAN SUPPORT LARGER GROUPS DIVISION OF LABOR: GROUPS OR INDIVIDUALS PERFORM SPECIFIC ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES TRADE: CAN RESULT IN INEQUALITY HEREDITARY CHIEFTANSHIPS

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FRUITS AND VEGETABLES GROWN IN PLOTS SIMILAR TECHNOLOGY AS PASTORAL SLASH-AND-BURN HUMAN LABOR AND SIMPLE TOOLS ARE USED BUILD SEMI-AND PERMANENT VILLAGES 30-2,000 CREATE ARTIFACTS SPECIALIZED ROLES

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY ANIMALS CULTIVATE THE FIELDS IRRIGATION HIGHER CROP YIELDS SPECIALIZATION LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES BUILD POWERFUL ARMIES BARTER: EXCHANGE GOODS AND SERVICES STATUS DIFFERENCES: LANDOWNERS AND PEASANTS

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY MAIN FOCUS ON PRODUCTION OF MANUFACTURED GOODS NOT FOOD PRODUCTIONS IS BY MACHINES CAN SUPPORT LARGER GROUPS PRODUCTION NOT IN HOME NATURE OF WORK: PARTS OF PRODUCTS FAMILY IS NOT ONLY SOCIAL PROCESS MORE FREEDOM TO COMPETE FOR SOCIAL POSITION

POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES ECONOMIC EMPHASIS ON PROVIDING INFORMATION AND SERVICES BETTER STANDARD OF LIVING WITH IMPROVED WAGES STRONG EMPHASIS ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION IN SOCIETY INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND PERSONAL FULFILLMENT

URBANIZATION CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION IN CITIES

MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY DURKHEIM PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES HELD TOGETHER BY MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY PEOPLE SHARE THE SAME VALUES, TASKS UNITE IN COMMON

ORGANIC SOLIDARITY IMPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS JOB SPECIALIZATION RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON NEED RATHER THAN VALUES

GEMEINSCHAFT MEANS “COMMUNITY” IN GERMAN PEOPLE SHARE STRONG SENSE OF GROUP SOLIDARITY PREINDUSTRIAL MOST PEOPLE KNOW EACH OTHER

GESELLSCHAFT GERMAN FOR “SOCIETY” RELATIONSHIPS ARE IMPERSONAL AND OFTEN TEMPORARY TRADITIONAL VALUES ARE WEAK INDIVIDUAL GOALS MORE IMPORTANT

SECTION 4

EXCHANGE THEORY PEOPLE ARE MOTIVATED BY SELF-INTERESTS IN THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLE

SOCIAL CATEGORIES WAY OF CLASSIFYING PEOPLE ACCORDING TO A SHARED TRAIT OR COMMON STATUS PEOPLE DON’T HAVE TO INTERACT

GROUP FOUR MAIN FEATURES 1. 2 OR MORE PEOPLE 2. INTERACTION AMONG MEMBERS 3.MEMBERS HAVE SHARED EXPECTATIONS 4. POSSESS SOME SENSE OF COMMON IDENTITY

GROUP FEATURE 2-4 DISTINGUISH A GROUP FROM AN AGGREGATE

AGGREGATE WHEN PEOPLE GATHER IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME BUT LACK SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR LASTING PATTERNS OF INTERACTION EX. PEOPLE IN LINE, PEOPLE IN AN ELEVATOR, CONCERT GOERS

DYAD SMALLEST GROUP POSSIBLE—2 PEOPLE EACH HAS CONTROL OVER GROUP’S EXISTENCE DECISION MAKING IS HARDER

TRIAD 3 PERSON GROUP GROUP HAS A LIFE OF ITS OWN

GROUP SIZE SOCIOLOGISTS SUGGEST THE MORE MEMBERS THE MORE FACE-TO-FACE RELATIONSHIPS BUT 15 IS LARGEST NUMBER BECAUSE GROUPS START SEPARATE INTO SMALLER PARTS IF LARGER

TIME VARIES FOR GROUPS

PRIMARY GROUP SMALL GROUP INTERACT OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME DIRECT/PERSONAL EX: FAMILY

SECONDARY GROUP IMPERSONAL TEMPORARY ORGANIZED AROUND SPECIFIC GOAL

IN-GROUP THE GROUP THE PERSON BELONGS TO 3 CHARACTERISTICS – SEPARATE THEMSELVES FROM OTHER GROUPS THROUGH USE OF SYMBOLS – VIEW THEMSELVES POSITIVELY AND THOSE IN OUT-GROUP NEGATIVELY – LEAD TO COMPETITION BETWEEN IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS

OUT-GROUP ANY GROUP THAT A PERSON DOESN’T BELONG TO OR IDENTIFY WITH

LEADERS INFLUENCE THE ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS OF OTHERS CAN BE ASSIGNED

FORMAL GROUPS HAS STRUCTURE GOALS ACTIVITIES CLEARLY DEFINED EX: STUCO

INFORMAL GROUP NO OFFICIAL STRUCTURE NO ESTABLISHED RULES OF CONDUCT EX: CIRCLE OF FRIENDS

REFERENCE GROUP THE WITH WHOM INDIVIDUALS IDENTIFY THEY ADOPT THE VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF THE GROUP

ELECTRONIC COMMUNITY INTERACT REGULARLY ON INTERNET