Major Empires & States

Cultural Blending From __________ to _________ was a time of cultural blending Interactions often occurred because of one of the following –Migration –Trade –Conquest –Religious freedoms/converts Many advances during this time in religion, art, literature, and weaponry Cultures shifted from sword fighting to gun fighting

What are some examples of cultural blending? Ethnic foods Music Traditions

Ottoman Empire Started in Anatolia (modern day Turkey) Nomadic Turks moved into the area The Turks were known as strong militaristic people called Ghazis –Ghazi’s-warriors for Islam Most successful Ghazi was Osman (Ottoman) Ottoman built a strong Muslim state between 1300 and 1326

Began to expand by buying and conquering the land Ottomans were very tolerant of the regions they conquered, even acted kindly towards them Conquered regions were allowed to follow their own beliefs and religious laws Label Maps using the following maps

Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire Southwest Asia Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula North Africa

Progressive Times Interested in the arts and welcomed outside influences on things such as architecture and literature Lowered taxes and reduced government bureaucracy Strong military based on gunpowder First Empire to successfully use cannonfire

Development of the Ottoman Empire Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul Trade in coffee and ceramics

Mehmet II Famous for conquering Constantinople (Istanbul) and gaining control of the Bosporus Strait Increased opportunity for trading Helped rebuild Constantinople after the fighting and opened it up to people of all different religions

Selim the Grim Conquered Cairo, Egypt, the intellectual center of the Muslim world Earned his name by overthrowing his father and murdering his brothers Captured Mecca and Medina, the holiest cities of Islam

Suleiman the Lawgiver Waged war with Central Europe,North Africa, and Central Asia and took control of major trade routes along the coast of North Africa Created a strong social system with government structure and social organization Created many laws and codes Simplified the taxing system and reduced government power Very interested in the arts and brought architects from around the world to help build his Kingdom

Ottoman Decline Other sultans took power in following yrs and incorporated strong government structure and organization Leaders became power hungry and the empire dissolved during WWI Now known as Turkey

Mughal Empire Invaded India were called Mughals (mongols) Hindus and Muslims were fighting over the land Eventually Muslims swept into India devastating a majority of the area leaving it weak and vulnerable Location: Northern India

Contributions of Mughal rulers Spread of Islam into India Art and architecture—Taj Mahal Arrival of European trading outposts Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

Babur Strong but sensitive leader Built army when he was only 14yrs old and moved down into parts of India General who led 12,000 troops into victory against 100,000 Gained large amount of land

Akbar Grandson of Babur Was Muslim and firmly defended religious freedoms Abolished high taxes on Hinus and non-Muslims Governed through diverse officials from natives to foreigners to Hindus and Muslim Welcomed outside influences in areas such as art, education, politics and language

Mughals Decline By the end of the empires reign most of the resources from the area were drained Western traders were slowly moving in and gaining power in the East through trading and building trading posts

Chinese Empires Ming Dynasty 1514 China became dominant power under Ming Dynasty Hongwu was 1st emperor and sought out to restore Chinas agriculture and power –Increases in rice production and irrigation –Introduced fish farming and growing of commercial crops such as cotton and sugar cane

China (Ming) Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade Increase in European demand for Chinese goods (tea, porcelain)

Qing Dynasty By 1600 Ming Dynasty weakened due to corrupt government officials, high taxes, and bad harvests In 1644 the Manchus invaded and took over The Manchus upheld Chinese Confucius beliefs and made the country safe Helped restore China’s prosperity

Isolation Only Chinese gov’t was allowed to conduct foreign trade Chinese merchants were forced to smuggle silk, porcelain, and other goods High demand for Chinese goods Emperors wanted to focus on the Confucius moral standards and keep Chinese traditions without outside influences Outside traders had to follow rules and pay tribute

Japanese Empires Japan was in disarray from a civil war that shattered the feudal system Powerful samurai known as daimyo took control of land offering peasants their protection beginning a new Japanese feudal system Oda Nobunga was a fierce daimyo that eliminated all possible threats Eventually committed suicide

Other daimyo continued Oda’s conquest but fought one another for power One daimyo Tokugawa, eventually united Japan by gaining loyalties of the daimyos Tokugawa became the sole ruler of shogun

Tokugawa Society Farming increased and the population rose Influenced by Confucius values and ideas By 1700’s Japan began to shift from rural to Urban society More jobs became available, ecspecially for women Literature became more popular –Haiku- poetry that does not express ideas but present images

Isolation Europeans came into Japan to trade in 16 th century Portuguese brought eyeglasses, tobacco, and firearms Christian missionaries arrived in 1549 and began teaching against Confucius beliefs Christianity was banned from Japan