© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. Blacks/African Americans 4

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–2 Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter, readers should have a greater understanding of Blacks and diversity in organizations. Specifically, they should be able to: be aware of the historical background and current status of Blacks. be able to discuss participation rates, employment, and income levels of Blacks in the United States. examine differences in earnings by education level for Blacks and other racial and ethnic groups. discuss research evidence on employment experiences of native and immigrant Blacks.

Chapter Objectives (cont’d) be able to compare similarities and differences between employment experiences of Black men and women. explain individual and organizational measures that can be used to improve organizational experiences of Blacks. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–3

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–4 History of Blacks in the United States 1619African slaves first sold in North America1619African slaves first sold in North America 1863Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery1863Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery 1865–1964“Separate but equal” segregation under “Jim Crow” laws1865–1964“Separate but equal” segregation under “Jim Crow” laws –“separate” meant unequal, inferior, and substandard facilities for Blacks 1964Civil Rights Act outlaws employment discrimination1964Civil Rights Act outlaws employment discrimination Blacks in the MilitaryBlacks in the Military  Relegated to menial service roles and segregated combat units; segregated in civilian and military life.

Introduction and Overview Current status of Blacks influenced by slavery.Current status of Blacks influenced by slavery.  Non-Black immigrants faced hostility, discrimination, indentured servitude, but not slavery and continued discrimination, segregation, and oppression.  Discrimination and segregation experienced by European immigrants was shorter-lived and hampered by identifiability. Federal laws and rulings allowed only White men to become citizensFederal laws and rulings allowed only White men to become citizens TerminologyTerminology  Black/African American used interchangeably  Black immigrants and Hispanic Blacks have similar and different experiences. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–5

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–6 History of Blacks in the United States The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement  Brought about both legal and social change  Theoretically obtained long-denied rights for Blacks  Used boycotts, non-violent demonstrations and sit-ins to pressure business and society for change Relevant LegislationRelevant Legislation  Title VII of the Civil Rights Act  Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race in employment matters, including prohibitions against racial harassment.

History of Blacks (cont’d) Relevant LegislationRelevant Legislation  Executive Orders for Affirmative Action  Blacks and women who work for affirmative action employers earn more than those who work for non-affirmative action employers. Access and treatment discrimination continue to limit Blacks.Access and treatment discrimination continue to limit Blacks.  Slavery and legally sanctioned discrimination existed for more than 300 years compared with 50 years of anti-discrimination laws. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–7

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–8 Population 41.1 million Blacks in the United States comprise 13.5% of the population.41.1 million Blacks in the United States comprise 13.5% of the population.  52% are women; 48% are men.  80% of Blacks under age 50; 30% age 18 or younger  Slightly higher than average birthrates and shorter life expectancies account for age distribution  Larger proportion of young Blacks means more Blacks will enter the workforce in the future.  Discrimination, lack of health care access, crime, poverty, and concentration in high-injury risk occupations shorten lives.

Education Marked increases in Black education have occurred.Marked increases in Black education have occurred.  In 1940, 7.7% of Blacks and 26.1% of Whites had completed at least high school.  In 2008, 83% of Blacks and 87% of Whites had done so. College graduates or more (2008):College graduates or more (2008):  Blacks: 19.6%  Whites: 29.8% © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–9

Unemployment Blacks with the same level of education as Whites are more likely to be unemployed and earn less when employed than WhitesBlacks with the same level of education as Whites are more likely to be unemployed and earn less when employed than Whites  High School Graduates (2009)  White unemployment: 9.0  Black unemployment: 14.0  College Graduate or more (2009)  White unemployment: 4.2  Black unemployment: 7.3  Blacks are more likely to be unemployed than Whites who have one or two fewer levels of education. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–10

Unemployment, Underemployment, and Discouraged Workers (Focal Issue 4.2) Unemployment, Underemployment, and Discouraged Workers (Focal Issue 4.2) Published unemployment levels understate true levels of unemploymentPublished unemployment levels understate true levels of unemployment  Discouraged workers – those who want to work, but have given up searching for employment.  Not included in “official” unemployment rate. UnderemploymentUnderemployment  working part-time or on a temporary or intermittent basis, but desiring regular, full-time work;  working for lower wages than skills would justify or in lower skilled positions;  occupational mismatch. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–11

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–12 Employment Experiences of Blacks Access discriminationAccess discrimination  When people are denied employment opportunities, or “access” to jobs, based on their race, sex, age, or other factors. Treatment discriminationTreatment discrimination  When people are employed, but are treated differently once employed, receiving fewer job-related rewards, resources, or opportunities than they should receive based on job-related criteria. Contribute to Blacks’ shorter life expectancies, lower returns on educational investments, higher unemployment and underemployment.Contribute to Blacks’ shorter life expectancies, lower returns on educational investments, higher unemployment and underemployment.

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–13 Employment Experiences of Blacks (cont’d) Sources of Access DiscriminationSources of Access Discrimination  Stereotypes  Prejudice  Instructions to discriminate  Name-based discrimination Sources of Treatment DiscriminationSources of Treatment Discrimination  Performance rater bias based on racial similarity  In experiment, Whites with criminal records preferred over Blacks with no records.

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–14 Employment Experiences of Blacks (cont’d) New RacismNew Racism  The belief that racism is a thing of the past and that Blacks have attained excessive, unfair gains through programs such as affirmative action.  New racists do not display overt racism, but discriminate when provided with a rationale for doing so (e.g., “fit”). Glass ceilingGlass ceiling  An invisible barrier that prevents women, people of color, and people with disabilities from progressing beyond a certain level in organizations. Glass wallsGlass walls  Horizontal barriers that confine minorities and women to certain positions within organizations.

Employment Experiences of Blacks (cont’d) Negative Health Effects of DiscriminationNegative Health Effects of Discrimination  Hypertension, heart attack, depression. Racial socializationRacial socialization  Behaviors, communications, and interactions concerning Black cultural heritage and appropriate responses to racial discrimination and hostility.  Bolster self-esteem and increase a sense of shared or collective Black identity.  Determining right amount of socialization is important. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–15

Immigrant and Native-born Blacks 3 million foreign born Blacks in U.S.3 million foreign born Blacks in U.S. Foreign-born Blacks often perceived and treated as native-born Blacks while native-born Hispanics and Asians perceived and treated as immigrants.Foreign-born Blacks often perceived and treated as native-born Blacks while native-born Hispanics and Asians perceived and treated as immigrants.  Black immigrants experience racial profiling along with native-born Blacks. Native and immigrant Blacks earn less than native and immigrant Whites.Native and immigrant Blacks earn less than native and immigrant Whites. © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–16

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–17 African American Women at Work: Negative Perceptions and Erroneous Stereotypes Black Women at WorkBlack Women at Work  Have the highest rates of workforce participation among women.  Are more likely to be unmarried and dependent upon their own earnings for subsistence.  Although perceived to have many children, individual Black women have approximately the same number of children as individual White women.  Women of color experience race and sex discrimination and harassment.

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–18 Discrimination against Black Customers Customer discrimination charges against numerous well-known companies.Customer discrimination charges against numerous well-known companies. Beliefs driving discrimination against Black customers:Beliefs driving discrimination against Black customers:  That Blacks are more likely to be shoplifters.  Shoplifting behavior is not correlated with race.  That Blacks are less likely to have money to spend.  Blacks in the United States earn more than over $600 billion each year, and spend nearly $23 billion on clothes and $3 billion on electronics.  Outcome: Blacks treated as potential shoplifters or ignored rather than valued customers may choose to spend their money elsewhere.

Discrimination Against Black Customers (cont.) New car pricingNew car pricing Loan rates and mortgage termsLoan rates and mortgage terms  Compared with similarly qualified Whites, Blacks more likely to receive subprime loans and receive loans with prepayment penalties and other unfavorable terms. Policies, training, and monitoring are effective tools in reducing many types of discriminationPolicies, training, and monitoring are effective tools in reducing many types of discrimination © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–19

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–20 Avoiding Discrimination against Black Employees Be aware of one’s own stereotypes and biases, making conscious efforts to challenge and address them.Be aware of one’s own stereotypes and biases, making conscious efforts to challenge and address them. As a manager or supervisor with hiring or performance management authority, pay careful attention to relevant information and ignore irrelevant, race-based stereotypes.As a manager or supervisor with hiring or performance management authority, pay careful attention to relevant information and ignore irrelevant, race-based stereotypes. Remove name and sex-identifying information (e.g., use initials or numbers) from resumes and applicants in the initial stages of selection. Guard carefully for fairness afterwards.Remove name and sex-identifying information (e.g., use initials or numbers) from resumes and applicants in the initial stages of selection. Guard carefully for fairness afterwards. Question one’s own decision making at all times.Question one’s own decision making at all times. Challenge unfair behavior when it is exhibited by others.Challenge unfair behavior when it is exhibited by others.

© 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–21 Avoiding Discrimination against Black Customers African AmericansAfrican Americans  Should become knowledgeable about fair prices.  Seek out reputable diversity-friendly organizations. OrganizationsOrganizations  Leaders should make concerted efforts to ensure all customers are treated fairly.  Train salespeople to treat all customers fairly.  Pay attention to survey data gathered from diverse customers.  Conduct internal audits to spot disparate treatment of customers.  Use mystery shoppers.  Investigate and address customer complaints.

Key Terms Access discriminationAccess discrimination Discouraged workersDiscouraged workers Glass ceilingGlass ceiling Glass wallsGlass walls New racismNew racism Racial socializationRacial socialization Statistical discriminationStatistical discrimination Treatment discriminationTreatment discrimination Underemployed, underemploymentUnderemployed, underemployment © 2013 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.4–22