The South and JIM CROW- What is the cost of progress? Thursday, October 1 st

Brief Review: Reconstruction What was Reconstruction? What were the Reconstruction Amendments?

Brief Review: Reconstruction 13 th Amendment: – “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” – Put this in your own words…

Brief Review: Reconstruction 14 th Amendment: – “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” – Put the 4 sections of the 14 th Amendment in your own words. Citizenship Clause Privileges and Immunities Clause Due Process Clause Equal Protection Clause

Brief Review: Reconstruction 15 th Amendment: – “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” – Put in your own words.

Brief Review: Reconstruction Why did Reconstruction come to an end in 1877?

Jim Crow South Nothing Changes…

Slave Driver—Bob Marley Slave driver the table is turned Catch a fire so you can get burned Slave driver the table is turned Catch a fire you're gonna get burned Ev'ry time I hear a crack of the whip My blood runs cold I remember on the slave ship How they brutalized their very souls Today they say that we are free Only to be chained in poverty Good god, I think it's all illiteracy It's only a machine that makes money Slave driver the table is turned, y’all Ooh-ooh-oo-ooh

A Share-Croppers Contract, 1865 “Secondly, That at the close of the year 1866, the parties of the first part are to deliver to the parties of the second part one-fourth (1/4) of the crop of corn and cotton made and saved upon the plantation, the parties of the second part agreeing to accept this in lieu of other wages, …” “…Fourthly that for and in consideration of one-fourth (1/4) of the crop of corn and cotton to be delivered to the parties of the second part by the said parties of the first part at the close of the year 1866, the parties of the second part agree – To make good, faithful, and obedient servants – To, rise at day break, each one to feed and take care of the stock assigned to him, and be ready for work at the signal to be given at half an hour by sun – To enter into no general conversation during work hours – To have to pay a one dollar fee for disobedience, neglect of duty, and leaving without permission – To raise no live stock without special contract with the parties of the first part of this contract – To receive no visitors during work hours, – To suffer dismissal for repeating acts of swearing or indecent and unseemly language to our in the presence of our employers or their families, or for quarreling and fighting so as to disturb the peace of the plantation, – To render cheerful and willing performance of duty – To look after and study the interest of our employers, to inform them of anything going amiss, to be peaceable orderly, and pleasant to discourage theft…

Diminishing Rights of African Americans

Jim Crow Laws: Legalized Segregation Jim Crow Laws ( ): – Laws mandating racial segregation in public facilities in Southern states

Jim Crow Laws

Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court upholds a Louisiana law that allows for “separate but equal” facilities Significance: Provides legal basis for segregation and the pervasive Jim Crow system

Document D: KKK and White League

Disenfranchising African Americans The movement to diminish the Civil Rights of African Americans… Disenfranchised: Deprived of the right to vote Poll Tax Literacy Tests White-only primary Physical Intimidation

Literacy Tests

“Strange Fruit” – Billie Holiday Southern trees bear strange fruit Blood on the leaves and blood at the root Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees Pastoral scene of the gallant south The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh Then the sudden smell of burning flesh Here is fruit for the crows to pluck For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop Here is a strange and bitter cry

Lynching

Institutionalized method used by whites to terrorize blacks and maintain white supremacy – Utilized to maintain caste system 4,730 lynchings ( ) Concentrated in rural South Mobs usually consisted of small land owners, tenant farmers, common laborers…why? Lynching never prosecuted…why? “Many white people believed that African Americans could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control.” Robert Gibson “…the white South feared more than black dishonesty, ignorance and incompetency, black honesty, knowledge, and efficiency.” W.E.B. DuBois

Rise of the KKK

Fighting Back: Civil Rights Activists Ida B. Wells – African American Civil Rights and Women’s Rights Leader – Used journalism to combat discrimination – Leader of the Anti-Lynching campaign – How did Ida B. Wells believe racism could best be combatted?

Fighting Back: Civil Rights Activists Marcus Garvey – Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) – Aimed at promoting black pride and unity – How did Marcus Garvey believe racism against African Americans should be dealt with? Led the “Back to Africa” movement – Advocated AA estbl. Their own independent nation in Africa

Fighting Back: Civil Rights Activists Booker T. Washington – Late 19 th century African American Civil Rights Activist – Emphasized economic goals over political goals – Argued A.A. should delay their fight for political and civil rights and concentrate upon vocational goals and education

Fighting Back: Civil Rights Activists W.E.B. DuBois – Co-founder of the NAACP – Demanded the immediate granting of African American economic, social, and political rights (esp. the right to vote), as well as stressed education amongst African Americans – Rival of Booker T. Washington…why? How were they different in their aims?