Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 16 Section 1: Voyages of Discovery

Foundations of the Age of Exploration was built on…  Spirit of discovery and innovation  Technology borrowed from other culture  Curiosity

 European explorers mainly set sail for wealth.  Other reasons include:  Fame  Glory  Spread religion

 Technology made this possible.  Compass allow you to know which direction was North.  Astrolabe allowed you to plot position based on sun and stars.

Discoveries made from Portugal and Spain  Learned about Africa  Found sea route to India  Landed in Americas  Circumnavigated around the world

Portugal Explorers  Portugal was the first country to launch large scale voyages of exploration.  King John I was responsible for sending explorers on expeditions.  He wanted to find a water route around Africa.

Portugal Explorers  Bartolomeu Dias was first European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa.  Turned around because of storms.

Portugal Explorers  Vasco da Gama was the first person to sail around the tip of Africa to India.  It would take him 10 months.  Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil.

Spanish Explorers  Christopher Columbus sailed for America in  It took him two months.  Thought he reached India.

More explorers  Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast of South America in 1502, and decided that he had reached a new land.  It was named America in his honor.  Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an expedition across Panama, becoming the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

More explorers  Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail around the world in 1519 with five ships and 250 men.  They were at sea for months and Magellan would be killed at the Philippines.  In 1522, 18 of his men were able to reach Spain.

More explorers  In 1497, English explorer John Cabot reached Canada. Sir Francis Drake is the second man to circumnavigate the world. He reached California and sailed north to try to find a route back to the Atlantic.  Jacques Cartier left France in 1534 and sailed past Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence River.

More explorers  Henry Hudson set sail in 1609 to find a Northwest Passage but instead found the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.  Giovanni da Verazzano had actually found the Hudson River first.

What drove explorers to explore?  The 3 G’s  Gold  God  Glory

Chapter 16 Section 2: Conquest and Colonies

Spain builds an empire in the Americas  Introduced the encomienda system  Conquered the Aztec and Inca empires  Viceroys governed the land

Spanish Exploration  First areas settled by the Spanish were the Caribbean Islands.  Started encomienda system which required natives to work for a colonist.  Colonist was then supposed to teach the native Christianity.

Spanish Exploration  Hernan Cortes would lead an expedition into Mexico which ended in the conquest of the Aztecs.  He was called a conquistador and they used guns and armor to defeat the Aztecs.  Francisco Pizarro led an expedition to Peru in  He defeated the Inca’s because they were weakened by disease.

Portuguese exploration  Portuguese established a farming colony in Brazil French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas  Based on trade, fishing, and furs

French Exploration  New France was located in what is now Canada.  The French were searching for gold but made money through trade.  Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in  Rene-Robert La Salle sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in 1692.

Dutch Exploration  The Dutch established a colony called New Netherland in the Hudson River Valley.  New Netherland bought the island of Manhattan from Indians and founded the city of New Amsterdam, which would later become New York City.

English Exploration  The first permanent English settlement in America was Jamestown in  80 percent of the settlers died in the first year.  In 1620, another group of people, Pilgrims, set sail and reached Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Chapter 16 Section 3: New Patterns of Trade

New exchange in plants and animals  As contact increased, these items traveled from one part to another

Columbian Exchange  Colonists and Indians traded with each other and this became known as the Columbian Exchange.  New foods and animals would be introduced to both people.  These foods would help Europeans live longer and healthier.

Columbian Exchange  Europeans would bring disease to America.  Indians had no resistance to diseases such as small pox, measles, influenza, and malaria.  North American Indian population would decrease from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 by 1900.

Mercantilism  During the 1500s, Europeans would develop a new type of economic policy called mercantilism.  A nation’s strength depended on its wealth.  A country could build its wealth in two ways: extract gold and silver from mines or sell more goods than it bought.

Capitalism  During the 1500s and 1600s, capitalism was created.  This is when most economic activity is carried on by private individuals in order to seek a profit.  Because of inflation, investors became increasingly willing to invest in overseas interests.

Summary  Investors would pool their resources into joint-stock companies.  #8. Mercantilism pushed countries to establish colonies because colonies helped provide wealth.  #9. Global trade lead to the rise of capitalism because it provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth.

Chapter 13 Section 4

Triangular Trade  Colonists first used Indians to work on plantations.  They then looked to Africa.  The triangular trade consisted of ships carrying European goods to Africa in exchange for slaves.

Slave Trade began…  Along the triangular route… Europe to Africa to the Americas

Triangular Trade  The second part of the journey or middle passage, brought Africans to the Americas to be sold as slaves.  The journey usually lasted three to six weeks.  Between 10 and 20 percent of Africans did not survive the voyage.

Slave Ship

 Most enslaved Africans worked on plantations.  Living conditions were harsh.  Slaves owners would inflict physical and degrading punishment for minor offenses.

Slave Ship  Slaves were considered property with no basic human rights.  Slaves would revolt in many ways.  Some turned to religion while others would sabotage equipment on their farms.

Slave Ship  The Atlantic Slave Trade would last for about 400 years.  Between 15 and 20 million Africans were shipped to the Americas.