Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation ROBERT W. BAUMAN M ICROBIOLOGY ALTERNATE EDITION WITH DISEASES BY BODY SYSTEM Chapter 12, Part A Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four major groups Protozoa Fungi Algae Water Molds and Slime Molds Include both human pathogens and organisms vital for human life Eukaryotes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings More complicated than that in prokaryotes Eukaryotic DNA packaged with histones as chromosomes in the nucleus Have variety of methods of asexual reproduction (budding, fragmentation, spore formation, and schizogony) Many reproduce sexually by forming gametes and zygotes Algae, fungi, and some protozoa reproduce sexually and asexually Reproduction in Eukaryotes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleus has one or two complete copies of genome Single copy – haploid (most fungi, many algae, some protozoa) Two copies – diploid (remaining fungi, algae, and protozoa) Two types Mitosis Meiosis Nuclear Division

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Typically occurs simultaneously with telophase of mitosis In some algae and fungi, may be postponed or not occur at all Results in multinucleated cells called coenocytes Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2a Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2b Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2c Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.4 Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diverse group defined by three characteristics Eukaryotic Unicellular Lack a cell wall With exception of apicomplexans, they are also motile by means of cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopodia Protozoa

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Require moist environments Most live worldwide in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans; critical members of plankton Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter Very few are pathogens Distribution of Protozoa

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characterized by great morphologic diversity Some have two nuclei Macronucleus contains many copies of genome – controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction Micronucleus – involved in genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regeneration of macronuclei Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria Some have contractile vacuoles All produce trophozoites; some produce cysts Morphology of Protozoa

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.5 Contractile Vacuole

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most are chemoheterotrophic Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria, decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or the tissues of host Few absorb nutrients from surrounding water Dinoflagellates and euglenoids are photoautrophic Nutrition of Protozoa

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most reproduce asexually only (binary fission or schizogony) Few also have sexual reproduction Some become gametocytes that fuse to form diploid zygote Some utilize a process called conjugation Reproduction in Protozoa

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemoheterotrophic Have cell walls typically composed of chitin Lack chlorophyll; do not perform photosynthesis Related to animals Fungi

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Decompose dead organisms and recycle their nutrients Form beneficial associations with roots of vascular plants that help plant absorb water and minerals Used for food, in religions ceremonies, and in manufacture of foods and beverages Produce antibiotics Important research tools 30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans Can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies Significance of Fungi

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.14a Fungal Morphology

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.14b Fungal Morphology

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.14c Fungal Morphology

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Fungal Morphology

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acquire nutrients by absorption Most are saprobes Some trap and kill microscopic soil-dwelling nematodes Haustoria allow some to derive nutrients from living plants and animals Most are aerobic; some are anaerobic; many yeasts are facultative anaerobes Nutrition of Fungi

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings All have some means of asexual reproduction involving mitosis and cytokinesis Most also reproduce sexually Reproduction of Fungi

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.17a Asexual Spores of Molds

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.17c Asexual Spores of Molds

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Division Zygomycota Division Ascomycota Division Basidiomycota Deuteromycetes Subgroups Within the Fungi

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Division Zygomycota

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Division Ascomycota

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Division Basidiomycota

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contains heterogeneous collection of fungi who sexual stages are unknown Deuteromycetes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Partnerships between fungi and photosynthetic microbes (green algae or cyanobacteria) Abundant throughout the world, particularly in pristine habitats Grow on soil, rocks, leaves, tree bark, other lichens, and even on backs of tortoises; almost every habitat Occur in three basic shapes – crusts, foliose, fruticose Important in creation of soil from rocks Eaten by many animals Lichens

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple, eukaryotic, phototrophic organisms that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll a Have sexual reproductive structures; every cell becomes a gamete Differ widely in distribution, morphology, reproduction, and biochemical traits Algae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most are aquatic, living in the photic zone of fresh, brackish, and salt water Have accessory photosynthetic pigments that trap energy of light and pass it to chlorophyll a Unicellular, colonial, or have simple multicellular bodies (thalli) Distribution and Morphology of Algae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Asexual reproduction in unicellular algae involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis Unicellular algae that reproduce sexually form zygotes from individual gametes; zygote undergoes meiosis Multicellular algae reproduce asexually by fragmentation Many multicellular algae reproduce sexually with alternation of generations Reproduction in Algae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.4 Classification of Various Algae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Red Algae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Diatom

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Brown Algae

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parasitic worms have microscopic infective and diagnostic stages – usually eggs or larvae Vectors are animals such as ticks, lice, and mosquitoes that carry and transmit microscopic pathogens Parasitic Helminths and Vectors