Safety and Basic Usage Orientation Jointer and Planer Safety and Basic Usage Orientation

Instructors Ka-Loon Tung

Overview Nova Labs Tools Terminology Discussion What is it? Capabilities Anatomy Operation Safety Techniques References and Resources

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Tools Jointer (Planer) (Thickness) Planer

Terminology Discussion What is rough lumber vs. surfaced lumber Why buy rough lumber vs. surfaced lumber? Terminology S2S, S4S, S2SR1E Quarter measurement (4/4, 5/4, 6/4, 8/4, etc) What is board-feet? Types of Defects Rough lumber is wood that has been harvested from trees, and is usually dried to a moisture content to the ballpark of ~8-12%. This can be done via air dried (left out in a dry place with adequate air circulation to dry about 1 inch per year), or in a kiln (a large oven that tries the wood by introducing heat. Surfaced lumber is rough lumber that has been cleaned up to remove the rough saw and mill marks, leaving a smooth surface. The advantages of buying rough lumber over surfaced lumber are: Cost savings, due to less labor/time cost to get rough lumber More options selection as surfaced lumber is limited to what the vendor has available Greater control over the thicknesses you desire Less waste when your parts call for non-standard sizing Surfacing material to address defects (more on that later) The “S” terminology is short for “square”. This refers to the faces of a given board that is surfaced by the machine. Usually they annotated as parallel dimensions. S2S refers to the widest parallel faces of a board being surfaced flat and parallel to each other S4S refers to all 4 faces surfaced, with each side being surfaced parallel, and perpendicular faces being surfaced at 90 degrees. S2SR1E refers to a board that is S2S, with a single side that is Ripped on 1 edge on a straight line rip machine. This yields one face (S3S) that is perpendicular at 90 degrees to the S2S faces. These boards are in theory ready for ripping to width Quarter Measurements are how the lumber industry managed cutting of tree logs into lumber. Each quarter is rooted in the “clicks” of a saw mill, and lines up with quarter inch increments, hence the terminology of quarters. After surfacing, you generally loose roughly 1/8” – 1/4” in thickness, depending on your surfacing efficiency. So for example 4/4 generally will result in boards 3/4” – 7/8” thick 5/4 generally will result in boards 1” – 1-1/8” thick 6/4 generally will result in boards 1-1/4” – 1-3/8” thick 8/4 generally will result in boards 1-3/4” – 1-7/8” thick A board foot is a volumetric measurement that wood is sold by. This volume is calculated by: Board Feet = Length (inches) * Width (inches) * Thickness (inches) / 144 For example, a 8/4 board that is 6 inches wide and 8 feet (96 inches) long would have the same board feet volume as a 4/4 board that is 12 inches wide and 8 feet (96 inches) long: Board Feet = 96 inches * 6 inches * 2 inches / 144 = 8 board feet Board Feet = 96 inches * 12 inches * 1 inch / 144 = 8 board feet Types of Defects Bow – Warp on the face of a board along the length of the board Cup – Warp/hollow across the width of a board Crook/Crown – Warp along the edges of a board Twist – A combination of aforementioned defects that cause the board to be further from flat and surfaced Knot – A dark ring or break in the wood grain, likely resulting from an injury to the tree or branch that was growing Split – A crack that runs along the length of the board Check – A crack that runs along the growth ring of a board Wane – a section of wood that has broken off or bark that is remaining along the edge or corner of a board Unlike metal, wood moves as a result of moisture and humidity changes, so much temperature (which impacts moisture and humidity) . Defects occur due to the drying process, as wood moves while it dries and loses moisture content. Note that the moisture content in a board will never reach a fully stable point, but rather equilibrium with the environment. As a result, most woodworkers recommend acclimating boards for a few weeks time to the final usage environment, and rough milling to get a clean and stickering to acclimate to the environment for 24 hours before milling to final thickness. This is due to the internal moisture content being higher than the surface moisture content. http://www.schmeling.com/reference/pdf_files/Common%20Lumber%20Defects.pdf

Jointer (Planer)

So, what is it? a woodworking machine used to produce a flat surface along a board’s length - Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointer

Capabilities Face Jointing – Creating a flat face along the length of a board. Edge Jointing – Creating a flat face along the length of a board that at a set angle (e.g. 90 degrees) with respect to a surfaced face Rabbeting – Cutting a channel along the length of a board

Anatomy Cutterhead Guard Fence Control Panel Outfeed Table Outfeed Table Height Adjustment Infeed Table InfeedTable Height Adjustment http://cdn0.grizzly.com/manuals/g0593_m.pdf

Operation Wood Feed Direction Wood Grain Direction Cutterhead Guard Infeed Table Cutterhead Outfeed Table Wood Grain Direction Cutterhead Guard Fence Wood Feed Direction Material is passed from the infeed table, across the cutterhead and onto the outfeed table The infeed and outfeed tables serve as a co-planer reference that removes the material equivalent to the co-planer off-set. Co-planer means that the infeed and outfeed table are in the same plane with an consistent offset. So if we took a 3D XYZ setup, the X and Y dimensions would be consistent, while the Z is consistently offset. The apex of the cutterhead blades is at the same height as the Outfeed table. The offset for the Infeed table determines the material removed. Recommend no more than 1/16” at any pass. Wood Grain Direction Wood grain direction affects the final finished quality. In an ideal world, the grain will be running downhill towards the infeed table, so that as the wood passes through the cutterhead there is less of a chance of the blades gouging the wood and causing tearout. Wood does not (usually) grow with uniform grain directions. As a result, the grain tends to change shape. Do your best to identify the grain direction. Otherwise, take shallow passes. Cutterhead Guard The cutterhead guard swings to get out of the way of the material as you are feeding it through, and swings back into place over the cutterhead once the material is through Fence The fence is set to a consistent angle (e.g. 45, 90, 135 degrees) with respect to the tables for edge jointing operations

Safety Eyes, ears, and lungs Start and Stop Safety glasses Ear protection Dust collection Dust mask or respirator Start and Stop Start the tool and make sure it is at full speed before contact with the material Stop the tool after the material is firmly secured by (a) clearing the cutterhead or (b) held firmly for an emergency stop Avoid backing out the material. Lift if needed

Safety Apparel Awareness - No gloves, loose fitting clothing/hair, or jewelry Acceptable material to work with Wood ONLY! Material Size should be long and wide enough to safely move through the cutter head Long-grain operation ONLY! (Do not try to joint end-grain) Light passes Use Safety Devices Push blocks and push sticks when face jointing Magnetic featherboards to assist with pressure

(Thickness) Planer

So, what is it? a woodworking machine to trim boards to a consistent thickness throughout their length and parallel* on both surfaces - Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickness_planer * Verbiage updated for accuracy

Capabilities Planing – Running a board through along a flat face to create a parallel surface that is also flat Skip planning – Running a board that has not been face jointed

Anatomy Cutterhead (inside) Outfeed Roller Infeed Roller Height Adjustment Table Power Switch http://servicenet.dewalt.com/Products/Detail/DW735#

Operation Wood Feed Direction Wood Grain Direction Wood Feed Direction Material is passed from the infeed table, across the cutterhead and onto the outfeed table Wood Grain Direction Wood grain direction affects the final finished quality. In an ideal world, the grain will be running downhill towards the cutterhead, so that as the wood passes through the cutterhead there is less of a chance of the blades gouging the wood and causing tearout. Wood does not (usually) grow with uniform grain directions. As a result, the grain tends to change shape. Do your best to identify the grain direction. Otherwise, take shallow passes.

Safety Eyes, ears, and lungs Start and Stop Safety glasses Ear protection Dust collection Dust mask or respirator Start and Stop Start the tool and make sure it is at full speed before contact with the material Stop the tool after the material has cleared the cutterhead Don’t back out the material. Push through with a piece of scrap material if needed

Safety Apparel Awareness - No gloves, loose fitting clothing/hair, or jewelry Don’t put any hands or clothing into the machine Acceptable material to work with Wood ONLY! Material Size should be long and wide enough to safely move through the cutter head Long-grain operation ONLY! (Do not try to joint end-grain) Light passes Use Safety Devices Push blocks and push sticks when face jointing Magnetic featherboards to assist with pressure

Techniques Snipe Order of operations (S1 through to S6) Face joint Edge joint Surfacing parallel face Ripping parallel edge Square Ends Posture and flow of movement Gauging progress Safety Discuss the "what-if" dangers with a given technique Use of safety devices Hand placement when not using safety devices

References and Resources Visiting the Lumber Yard A trip to the lumber yard - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2FNYJMkP-o Demystifying the lumber yard - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXqf7gkl76E How to mill lumber using a jointer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-ZZ0dhbJYY How to mill timber/lumber - Introduction to milling with a jointer and thickness planer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_acU8NNUaU Jointer Setup - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO746cuRqV4