Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE Part A 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Harmful immune responses  Allergies  Transplant rejection  Autoimmunity  Immunodeficiencies Disorders Associated with the Immune System

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypersensitivity Reactions  Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage.  Four main types of hypersensitivity:  Anaphylactic  Cytotoxic  Immune Complex  Cell-Mediated

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions  Anaphylaxis means “the opposite of protected.”  Localized  Systemic  Anaphylactic shock Figure 19.1a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions  Skin testing  Desensitization Localized Allergen Examples: Figure 19.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eight Foods responsible for 97% of food allergens

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions  Complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages.  Transfusion Difficulties

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABO Blood Group System Table 19.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDNB) Figure 19.4 Can be prevented with anti-RH antibodies - RhoGAM

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell-Mediated Reactions  Delayed-type hypersensitivities due to T D cells.  Cytokines attract macrophages and initiate tissue damage. Figure 19.8

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Overview (1 of 4)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autoimmune Diseases  Clonal deletion during fetal development ensures self-tolerance.  Autoimmunity is loss of self-tolerance.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diseases Related to Specific HLAs Table 19.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reactions to Transplantation  Transplants may be attacked by T cells, macrophages, and complement-fixing antibodies.  Transplants to privileged sites do not cause an immune response.  Stem cells may allow therapeutic cloning to avoid rejection.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Grafts  Autograft: Use of one's own tissue.  Isograft: Use of identical twin's tissue.  Allograft: Use of tissue from another person.  Xenotransplantation product: Use of non-human tissue.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Immune System and Cancer  Cancer cells possess tumor-specific antigens.  T C cells recognize and lyse cancer cells.  Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill T C cells. Figure 19.10

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immunotherapy  Treatment of cancer using immunologic methods.  Tumor necrosis factor, IL-2, and interferons may kill cancer cells.  Immunotoxins link poisons with an monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen.  Vaccines contain tumor-specific antigens.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immune Deficiencies  Congenital: Due to defective or missing genes  Acquired: Develop during an individual's life, due to drugs, cancers, and infections.  Artificial: Immunosuppression drugs.  Natural: HIV infections.