The Blood

Blood Facts The average adult has about 5 liters of blood. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white blood cell. It takes about seconds for a blood cell to travel from the heart to the body and back again. Red blood cells develop in bone marrow and circulate in the body for around 120 days.

Essential Questions? How does the structure of blood cells relate to their function? What factors influence who you can receive blood from through a transfusion? What information can be determined through blood analysis?

Components of Blood

5 Centrifuged Blood Sample Peripheral Blood Smear Plasma “Buffy coat” (white blood cells and platelets) Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets ©Keith Brofsky/Getty Images ©Comstock/Punchstock

Fig12.03b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers (b)

7 Fig12.05 Low blood oxygen LiverKidney Erythropoietin Red bone marrow Increased number of red cells Increased Oxygen- carrying capacity + – Bloodstream Release into bloodstream Stimulation Inhibition

8 Blood platelets or thrombocytes help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges. Normal platelet counts vary from 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per mm 3. Blood Platelets

9 Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are biconcave disks that contain oxygen-carrying hemoglobin. When oxygen combines with hemoglobin bright red oxyhemoglobin results. Deoxygenated blood (deoxyhemoglobin) is darker. Red blood cells discard their nuclei during development and so cannot reproduce or produce proteins. Red Blood Cells

Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential Test ResultsResultUnitsReference Interval White Blood Count1.5x 10 3 /mm Red Blood Count3.50x 10 6 /mm Hemoglobin10.8g/dL Hematocrit31.1% Platelets302x 10 3 /mm Polys (neutrophils)neutrophils23%45-76 Lymphocytes68%17-44 Monocytes7%3-10 Eosinophils2%0-4 Basophils0.6%0.2 Polys (absolute)0.34x 10 3 /mm Lymphocytes (absolute)1.0x 10 3 /mm Monocytes (absolute)0.1x 10 3 /mm Eosinophils (absolute)0.1x 10 3 /mm Basophils (absolute)0.0x 10 3 /mm

Vitamins B 12 and folic acid are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue. Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia.

12 Help defend the body against disease. Can squeeze between cell linings to fight off bacteria and disease. 5 types of white blood cells are in circulating blood and are distinguished by size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics. White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

Fig12.07 White Blood Cells (neutrophil) granulocyte Neutrophils are phagocytic, engulf smaller particles and contain many lysosomes that help breakdown organic molecules. (54- 62% of leukocytes)- May increase in bacteria or viral infections. WBCs engulfing Bacteria and Neutrophils RoleWBCs engulfing BacteriaNeutrophils Role

Fig12.08 White Blood Cells (eosinophil) granulocyte Eosinophils- moderate allergic reactions as well as defend against parasitic infections. (1-3% of leukocytes) Increase in parasitic infections, asthma or allergic reactions.

Fig12.09 White Blood Cells (basophil) granulocyte Basophils migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting. (1% of leukocytes) May increase in bone marrow related conditions such as leukemia or lymphoma.

Fig12.10 White Blood Cells (monocyte) agranuolcytes Monocytes are the largest blood cells, and are phagocytic engulfing larger particles, have variably-shaped nuclei.(3-9% of leukocytes) May be raised in bacterial infections, malaria, TB, monocytic leukemia, colitis.

Fig12.11 White Blood Cells (lymphocyte) agranulocyte Lymphocytes are the major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies. Long lived!(25-35% of leukocytes) Viral infections, lymphocytic leukemia, decreased in HIV

18 Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood. Plasma is mostly water (92%) but contains a variety of substances. Plasma functions to transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH. Blood Plasma

19 Hemostasis refers to the stoppage of bleeding. 1.Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis: blood vessel spasm-vasospasm platelet plug formation-platelets adhere to collagen in blood vessels and each other blood coagulation-blood clot using clotting factors such as fibrin (forms a mesh-like cover) Hemostasis

20 Hemostasis Fibrin causing clotting of red blood cells

What are blood types? There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

Type A blood has A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Type B blood has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies in the plasma. Type O blood has neither antigen, but both types of antibodies in the plasma. ABO Blood Group

Fig12.17

Fig12.18ab

Table12.03

How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%

Blood Transfusions A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. (Required after loss of 40% of blood or more) Who can give you blood? People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. They do not have any surface antigens that recipients blood cells will attack. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. They do not have antibodies in their blood to attack donor blood. Rh +  Can receive + or - Rh -  Can only receive - Universal Donor Universal Recipient

Rh Factors Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood contains the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

Fig12.19 Rh Factor and Erythroblastosis fetalis

Blood Typing Game What Blood Can a Patient Receive?