 Lincoln takes oath of office March 4, 1861  Lincoln declared secession impractical- geographically, the South and the North are permanently bonded  Issues regarding the South’s secession proposal: -Sharing of national debt? -Sharing of nationally claimed territories? -Slave laws?

 European imperialism could take advantage of the disunited nation, seizing U.S. territories  The South took public property behind its borders during its secession  Fort Sumter: -Expedition to provision the garrison -South opened fire (April 12, 1861) -Many believed after that the Southern states should just be let go

 Lincoln ordered blockade of Southern seaports (April 19 and 27)  11 states formed the Confederacy- Richmond, Virginia made the capital  Border states included Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia- they had the Ohio River, the Cumberland River, and the Tennessee River- making Kentucky especially a valuable asset

 Lincoln declares fighting the war is solely to preserve the Union- the proposal of fighting for slavery could have driven away the border states  Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles sided with Confederacy- earned delegates in the Confederate congress  Southern military had General Robert E. Lee and his chief lieutenant Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

 The South was “bred to fight”, and seized federal weapons as well as developed their own ironworks to get artillery  Union attacks on transportation resulted in supply shortages in the South  The Union’s advantages were their thriving economy and their control of the seas/trade  British, Irish, and German men joined the North, creating a larger army than the South

 Lincoln discovered Ulysses S. Grant after many trial-and-error attempts at finding army commanders  European aid was essential in winning the war, and they favored the North -Cotton overproduction ( ) led British buyers to depend less on cotton and ultimately the South itself -Corn and Wheat production in the North led Britain to depend on the North for supplies

 Trent affair (1861)- Union warship stopped a British mail steamer, The Trent, to forcibly remove two Confederate diplomats  British naval forces intervened, supplying the Confederacy with naval bases and hunting down other Union ships  Laird rams (1863)- Confederate warships were built with iron rams meant to tear down Union ships- they were later bought by the British Navy

 Invasions of Canada (1866 and 1870) by Irish Americans  Dominican of Canada established (1867)  Breaking the Monroe Doctrine- Napoleon III occupied Mexico City (1863)  The Confederate States of America had a flawed Constitution, and states began seceding from the secession

 Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists might be summarily arrested  “Supervised voting” was imposed and newspaper editors were arrested for “obstructing the war”  Congress passed a federal conscription; a draft (1863)- rich men could hire subsitutes  New York Draft Riots broke out (1863)- mobs pillaged and lynched

 Confederates forced to resort to conscription in had less man power  North profited heavily from taxes during the war  Morrill Tariff Act (1861)- boosted tariffs to a moderate rate  Currency was supported by gold, and the value fluctuated with the fortunes of Union arms  National Bank System established (1863)- included buying government bonds

 The Confederacy had a crashing economic status, increasing taxes and poorly backing treasury notes  The Union built new factories with new machines and had protective tariffs, skyrocketing their economy  Petroleum discovered in 1859  Homestead Act (1862)  Women worked for the government and in factories- some fought alongside the men or were spies

 U.S. Sanitary Commission established- trained nurses, collected supplies, and equipped hospitals -Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix were nurses in the Union  South deeply suffered from the blockade- their income less than half of those in the Union, leading to less transportation

 The North’s capitalism overruled the South, and they were now on their way to a new industrial age, with “King Cotton” put down