World War I Chapter 19

Europe

Causes of the War European nations entered alliances that laid the foundation for future problems European nations entered alliances that laid the foundation for future problems The Triple Alliance -- Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (the Central Powers) The Triple Alliance -- Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (the Central Powers) The Triple Entente -- Britain, France, and Russia (the Allied Powers). The Triple Entente -- Britain, France, and Russia (the Allied Powers).

Triple Entente

Triple Alliance

European Alliances

More Causes Imperialism -- Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere led to conflict among the major European powers. Imperialism -- Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere led to conflict among the major European powers. Nationalism -- One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought self-government. Nationalism -- One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought self-government.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand In June of 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary because Austria-Hungary was preventing the Serbian government from creating a large, independent Slavic state. In June of 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary because Austria-Hungary was preventing the Serbian government from creating a large, independent Slavic state.

 By July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, which had an alliance with Russia.  By August 1914, Germany, allied with Austria- Hungary, declared war on Russia and France. Germany attacked through Belgium, and Great Britain entered the war against Germany.  Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and Germany were at war with Serbia, Russia, France, and Great Britain.  In May, 1915, Italy attacked Austria-Hungary.

Over There The United States remained neutral as the war progressed The United States remained neutral as the war progressed The United States’ decision to enter the war in 1917 was the result of British/American connections and specific actions by the Germans, especially submarine warfare. The United States’ decision to enter the war in 1917 was the result of British/American connections and specific actions by the Germans, especially submarine warfare.

German Submarine Warfare To break a stalemate at sea, Germany began to employ U-boats, short for Unterseeboot, the German word for submarine. U-boats, traveling under water, could sink British supply ships with no warning. To break a stalemate at sea, Germany began to employ U-boats, short for Unterseeboot, the German word for submarine. U-boats, traveling under water, could sink British supply ships with no warning. When the British cut the transatlantic cable, which connected Germany and the United States, only news with a anti-German bias was able to reach America. When the British cut the transatlantic cable, which connected Germany and the United States, only news with a anti-German bias was able to reach America. American public opinion was therefore swayed against Germany’s U-boat tactics. American public opinion was therefore swayed against Germany’s U-boat tactics.

Lusitania The Sinking of the Lusitania On May 7,1915, a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, which had been carrying both passengers and weapons for the Allies. On May 7,1915, a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, which had been carrying both passengers and weapons for the Allies. Since 128 American passengers had been on board, the sinking of the Lusitania brought the United States closer to involvement in the war. Since 128 American passengers had been on board, the sinking of the Lusitania brought the United States closer to involvement in the war.

German postcard issued to commemorate sinking of RMS Lusitania

The Sussex The Sussex Pledge More Americans were killed when Germany sank the Sussex, a French passenger steamship, on March 24,1916. More Americans were killed when Germany sank the Sussex, a French passenger steamship, on March 24,1916. In what came to be known as the Sussex pledge, the German government promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking, a promise it had made and broken before In what came to be known as the Sussex pledge, the German government promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking, a promise it had made and broken before

Moving Toward War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare On January 31, 1917, Germany announced its intent to end the Sussex pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare. On January 31, 1917, Germany announced its intent to end the Sussex pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare. This action caused the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Germany. This action caused the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Germany. Despite this announcement, the German navy did not attack any American ships in February, causing the United States to continue to hope for peace. Despite this announcement, the German navy did not attack any American ships in February, causing the United States to continue to hope for peace. The Zimmermann Note During this time, Britain revealed an intercepted telegram to the government of Mexico from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann. During this time, Britain revealed an intercepted telegram to the government of Mexico from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann. In this telegram, known as the Zimmermann note, Germany offered to return American lands to Mexico if Mexico declared war on the United States. In this telegram, known as the Zimmermann note, Germany offered to return American lands to Mexico if Mexico declared war on the United States. Neither Mexico nor President Wilson took the Zimmermann note seriously, but it brought America closer to entering the war. Neither Mexico nor President Wilson took the Zimmermann note seriously, but it brought America closer to entering the war.

Declaration of War Wilson won the election of 1916 with the campaign slogan “He kept us out of war”. Wilson won the election of 1916 with the campaign slogan “He kept us out of war”. After unrestricted Submarine Warfare began, President Wilson began arming merchant ships. After unrestricted Submarine Warfare began, President Wilson began arming merchant ships. On April 2, 1917, Wilson appeared before the Congress asking for a declaration of war against Germany. On April 2, 1917, Wilson appeared before the Congress asking for a declaration of war against Germany. President Woodrow Wilson’s speech in support of the war stated: “The world must be made safe for democracy.” President Woodrow Wilson’s speech in support of the war stated: “The world must be made safe for democracy.”

World War I By the time the American troops arrived in substantial numbers in the spring of 1918, British and French units had endured more than three years of increasingly costly trench warfare By the time the American troops arrived in substantial numbers in the spring of 1918, British and French units had endured more than three years of increasingly costly trench warfare The Unites States’ entry into the war gave the Allies an advantage, as both sides involved were exhausted by this time The Unites States’ entry into the war gave the Allies an advantage, as both sides involved were exhausted by this time

Trench Warfare

No Man’s Land

Modern Warfare

End of the War The armistice to end fighting in World War I was signed at 5:05 a.m. in Germany. The cease-fire went into effect at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month (11:00 a.m. Germany time, November 11, 1918). The armistice to end fighting in World War I was signed at 5:05 a.m. in Germany. The cease-fire went into effect at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month (11:00 a.m. Germany time, November 11, 1918). November 11 became known as Armistice Day, after subsequent wars, it was changed to Veteran’s Day November 11 became known as Armistice Day, after subsequent wars, it was changed to Veteran’s Day

Results of the War The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million soldiers and civilians, including tens of thousands of Americans. Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by poison gas. However, the efforts of the Red Cross and other agencies had helped save many lives. Dead and Wounded Some Results of World War I Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire generation of young men and grieved for the loss of their talents and abilities. Loss of Young Men In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered hundreds of thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the government. Genocide

Total Deaths Entente Military and Civilians was 10,353,813 Total Deaths Central Powers Military and Civilian was 9,415,397

Russia Lost 3,311,000 people, The U.S. lost 117,465

Fourteen Points In 1918 President Wilson issued the Fourteen Points. The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s statement of plans for peace after World War I, including plans to eliminate the causes of war. The key ideas of the Fourteen Points included the principles of:  national self-determination - each national group should be in charge of its own destiny. For example, Polish people should live under a Polish government, if that was what they wanted.,  freedom of the seas - all nations’ ships would be able to sail in international waters without threat of attack by another country’s ships.  A League of Nations - an organization of nations established at the end of World War I to maintain world stability and peace.

Treaty of Versailles The Versailles Peace Conference was led by the Council of Four nicknamed the “Big Four”: The Versailles Peace Conference was led by the Council of Four nicknamed the “Big Four”: American President, Woodrow Wilson British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George French Premier, George Clemenceau Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando

The Peace Treaty The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’ advantage. The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’ advantage. Nine new nations were created from territory taken from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Nine new nations were created from territory taken from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially crippled. The peace treaty required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations. Wilson, however, opposed this plan, claiming that these demands would lead to future wars. France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially crippled. The peace treaty required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations. Wilson, however, opposed this plan, claiming that these demands would lead to future wars. One of Wilson’s ideas, the formation of a League of Nations, was agreed upon at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was designed to bring the nations of the world together to ensure peace and security One of Wilson’s ideas, the formation of a League of Nations, was agreed upon at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was designed to bring the nations of the world together to ensure peace and security On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles, outside of Paris. On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles, outside of Paris.

Redrawing the Map of Europe At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain, France, and the United States redrew the map of Europe.

Reactions at Home Congress and the Treaty of Versailles Despite Wilson’s intensive campaign in favor of the Versailles Treaty, Congress voted against ratifying it in November 1919.Despite Wilson’s intensive campaign in favor of the Versailles Treaty, Congress voted against ratifying it in November The United States declared the war officially over on May 20, It ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. However, the United States did not join the newly formed League of Nations.The United States declared the war officially over on May 20, It ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. However, the United States did not join the newly formed League of Nations.