A short revision on entity- relationship modelling

Entity/Relationship Models An Entity/Relationship model consists of diagrams to represent designs. Entity like object = ”thing.” Entity types like class = set of ”similar” entities/objects. Attribute = property of entities in an entity type. Relations connect different entity type.

Entity/Relationship Models In diagrams: entity types are rectangles; attributes are oval; relations are diamonds.

Multiway Relationships Usually relationships are binary. That is they connect two entity types. However, there are some cases where three or more entity types must be connected by one relationship. These relationships are called multiway relationships.

Roles A recursive relationship is a relation type where the same entity participates more than one in different roles. We label each edge with the role name.

An Example

Multiplicity of relationships Many to Many relation: Bars serve different beers Many to One relation: Drinkers have favorite beers One to One relation: Breweries have only one best seller

Total participation If all the elements of the entity type E are related to some element of an entity type F via a relationship R, then the participation of E in R is called total participation. Example: breweries must have one best seller beer.

Keys A key is a set of attributes such that no two entities agree on all these attributes. In E/R model every entity type must have a designated key. In E/R diagrams you should underline all attributes of the key.

Weak entity types Entity sets that do not have key attributes of their own are called weak entity types. The remaining attributes come from another (or more) entity type which is related to the weak entity set by an identifying relationship. IN E/R diagrams you should represent weak entity sets as double rectangles represent identifying relationships as double diamonds

Exercise Suppose you are hired to develop a geographical information system. Your task is to develop its databases, with the following information: A continent has a name and contains different countries (e.g., Europe). Each country resides only in one continent. Each country has a name, a population value, official language(s), and its capital city. Each official language may be shared by different countries (e.g.English). Each language has a unique ID (LangID) and a name. Each city carries a name and a population value. Each city resides only in one country. The name of each city is unique within its country. Each river has a unique ID (RiverID), a name, and its length. Rivers run through one or more countries. International treaties are identified by their names. They also contain their subjects as well as starting dates. Each treaty consists of at least two countries. 1.Design and draw an E/R diagram that captures the above information. Be careful to indicate any key and participation constraints (multiplicity constraints). 2.Convert the E/R diagram to a relational database schema.

Exercise A continent has a name and contains different countries (e.g., Europe). Each country resides only in one continent. Each country has a name, a population value, official language(s), and its capital city. Each official language may be shared by different countries (e.g.English). Each language has a unique ID (LangID) and a name. Each city carries a name and a population value. Each city resides only in one country. The name of each city is unique within its country. Each river has a unique ID (RiverID), a name, and its length. Rivers run through one or more countries. International treaties are identified by their names. They also contain their subjects as well as starting dates. Each treaty consists of at least two countries.

Solution

Solution (Cont.)