Chapter 10 Section 2: Jacksons Administration

Sectional Differences Increase: Americans’ views of Jackson’s policies were based on where they lived and the economy of those regions. There were ____main U.S. regions in the early 1800’s. The North, first of all, had an economy based on trade and ______. They supported tariffs because they helped them compete with ____factories. Northerners also opposed the federal government’s sale of public land at cheap prices. This encouraged potential laborers to move from the Northern factory towns to the ___. The South had an economy based on ____. They raised many crops, but the most popular were cash crops like cotton and tobacco which they sold to _____nations. They also imported their manufactured goods, which tariffs made more expensive for southern ____. In the South, they also relied heavily on slaves, which would become an issue between the North and the South. The West was just emerging. Settlers wanted policies that encouraged further _____ and farming.

Tariff of Abominations: The year before Jackson was elected, Northern manufacturers demanded a tariff on imported ____ goods. They wanted to protect their industries from foreign ____, especially from Great Britain. Inexpensive goods from Britain were driving American companies out of business. Southerners _____the tariff, saying it was too high and would hurt their economy. In the end Congress passed the high tariff on imports, which angry southerners called the Tariff of _______.

Nullification Crisis: The conflict over the tariff was surrounding the core of an individual state’s right to disregard a law passed by the U.S. Congress. John C. Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition and ____in response to the tariff, stating that Congress should not favor one ___or region over another. It pushed the states’ rights doctrine, which said that since the states had formed the national government, state power should be ___than federal power. He believed that states had the right to nullify, or reject, any federal law they judged to be _______. The dispute between the supporters and opponents of nullification became known as the Nullification Crisis. Calhoun resigned from the vice presidency and was elected to the Senate where he continued to support nullification. Martin Van Buren _____Calhoun as VP when Jackson was re-elected.

The Hayne-Webster Debate: The debate about states’ rights began ____ in our nation’s history. Jefferson and Madison supported the states’ power to disagree with the federal government in the VA and KY Resolutions. Calhoun’s theory went further. He believed that states could ____ whether a law was or was not constitutional. This position put the power of the Supreme Court in _____. The issue of nullification was ____ debated on the floor of the Senate in Robert Y. Hayne, senator from _____ Carolina, defended states’ rights. He argued that nullification gave states a way to lawfully protest federal legislation. Daniel ____ of MA argued that the U.S. was one nation, not a pact among independent states. He believed that the ____ of the nation should override that of individual states.

Jackson Responds: Although deeply _____ to nullification, Jackson was concerned about economic problems in the southern states. He tried to lower the rate of the Tariff, but Southerners were still upset. When South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to withdraw from the Union if federal troops came to collect duties, Jackson was _____. Jackson threatened war, and Henry Clay proposed a compromise that would lower the tariff over several years. Knowing that Jackson was serious, Congress and South Carolina quickly approved the compromise. South Carolina backed down.

Jackson Attacks the Bank: President Jackson upheld federal ___ in the nullification crisis. He did not, however, always support greater federal power. For example, he ___ the Second Bank of the U.S., founded by Congress in The Second Bank of the U.S. was given a 20-year charter. This charter gave it the power to act ____ as the federal government’s financial agent. It held federal deposits, made transfers between states, and also issued bank notes, or paper currency. Some ___ percent of the Bank was privately owned, but its operations were ____ by Congress and the president. Many states, particularly in the ____, had opposed the Bank. Jackson questioned the legality of the Bank. He believed it was an ____ extension of the power of Congress. The states, he thought, should have the power to ___ the banking system..

Jackson Attacks the Bank: Some states decided to take ___. Maryland tried to pass a tax to limit the Bank’s operations. The Bank cashier in Maryland refused to pay the tax, and the state took him to court. The resulting case went all the way to the Supreme Court. In ____ v. Maryland, the court ruled that the national bank was constitutional. Nicholas ___. The Bank’s director, decided to push for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter in Jackson campaigned for the bill’s ___. “I will kill it.” he promised. True to his word, Jackson vetoed the ____ when Congress sent it to him. Congress couldn’t get the ___-___ majority needed to override Jackson’s veto. Jackson also weakened the Bank’s ___ by moving most of its funds to state banks. This led to inflation. Jackson tried to slow it by telling Americans to use gold and silver instead of paper money, but the policy didn’t help the economy.

Panic of 1837: Jackson was still very ___ with voters in He chose not to run in 1836, however, and the Democrats nominated Martin Van Buren. In 1834 a new political party had formed to oppose Jackson. Its members called themselves ___, after an English political party that opposed the monarchy, to make the point that Jackson was using his power like a king. The Whig party favored the idea of a ___ president and a strong Congress. Unable to agree on a candidate, the Whigs chose __ men to run against Van Buren. Because of this, and backing from Jackson, Van Buren won the election. Shortly after he took office, the country experienced the ___ of 1837, a severe economic depression. Jackson’s policies and his unsuccessful plan to curb inflation contributed to the panic. But people blamed Van Buren. In 1840 the Whigs ____ against the weakened Van Buren to stand behind one candidate, William Henry Harrison, an army ____. Harrison won in an electoral landslide. The Whigs had achieved their goal of winning the presidency.