History of the UK Part I Week Two By Han Linye School of English Studies

Chapter Outline I. Origin of the English Nation (The Native Celts, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon England, The Norman Conquest) II. The Shaping of the Nation (the Plantagenet Dynasty, the Great Charter, Beginning of Parliament; The Hundred Year’s War, The Black Death, The Wars of Roses)

Chapter Outline III. Transition to the Modern Period (Henry VIII and the English Reformation, Elizabeth I and English Renaissance, James I, The Civil Wars, Oliver Cromwell, The Glorious Revolution ) IV. The Rise and Fall of British Empire (The Industrial Revolution and the Chartist Movement, The Building of British Empire, Britain during WWI and WWII, Postwar Britain)

The Native Celts Iberians were the first known settlers in Britain. The natives of the Island: Celts (Britons). Celts (Britons). The Celts’ religion: Druidism. Druidism The Celts’ civilization: the Stonehenge in Wiltshire Stonehenge Iberian [ai'biəriən] Iberian [ai'biəriən]

The Celts The Celts were a European cultural group; arrived in Britain by the 4th or 5th century B.C. and Ireland by the 3rd or 4th century B.C

The Druids 德鲁伊教士 A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies of Western Europe, Britain and Ireland. Druids combined the duties of priest, judge, scholar, and teacher.

Roman Britain Roman Army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invade England in 55BC. The invasion marked the beginning of the English Recorded history.Julius Caesar The successful invasion of England by the Roman Army, headed by Emperor Claudius was in 43AD. They built two great walls (the Hadrian’s Wall & the Antonine Wall) to prevent the Picts in Scotland.

Julius Caesar

Roman Empire

Great Walls The Roman Army built two great walls (the Hadrian’s Wall & the Antonine Wall) to prevent the Picts in Scotland.

Roman Civilization Built up baths, temples, amphitheatres, villas and buildings, Established network of towns(-ster, -cester, -shire), roads and organized government system; mined iron, lead, tin and manufactured pottery. Brought new religion — Christianity Treated the Britons as slaves and there was no intermarriage.

The Anglo-Saxons The Romans began to pull out of Britain in 410 AD. The Jutish King became the king of Kent in 449AD. In the late half of the 6 th century, the Angles settled in the east part of England. The Saxons(from northern Germany) established the Germanic Kingdoms by the 7 th Century. The possession of all the land of England by these newcomers was known as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest. The Anglo- Saxons: basis of modern English race

Anglo-Saxon The Anglo-Saxons were divided into seven principal kingdoms (Heptarchy) between the mid-5 th Century and the early 7 th Century In the 8 th, 9 th and 10 th centuries, there came a new wave of invasion and colonization by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe. King Arthur and his Knights (legendary heroes) heptarchy ['hept ɑ :ki] heptarchy ['hept ɑ :ki]

Archbishop of Canterbury Pope Gregory I sent Saint Augustine to England in 597 and he became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. By the end of the 7th century, England had been Christianized. Canterbury was the base of Roman priests. Each district had its church leader—bishop; central church building—the cathedral.

The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. divided England into regions [shires—counties (the Normans)] nominated local officials known as Sheriffs to administer laws. practiced the open-field system.open-field system created the Witan to advise the King (forerunner of the Privy Council)

Open field system The open field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe from the Middle Ages to as recently as the 20th century in some places. Under this system, each manor or village had several very large fields, farmed in strips by individual families. From the 12th century onwards open fields were gradually replaced by private fields.

The Vikings The first recorded Viking attack in Britain was in 793. Vikings from Norway, Sweden&Denmark attacked places throughout Britain.

Viking homelands &settlements

Alfred the Great Father of British Navy; the Danelaw (eastern part of England for the Danes); established schools and brought churchmen to teach Latin; his writings and translations (beginning of prose literature in England); encouraged the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

The Norman Conquest Took place in 1066 the Anglo Saxon ruler of England, Edward the Confessor was on his deathbed

Edward the Confessor ( ) — King of England , Anglo-Saxon King of England, ruling from 1042 until his death

The Norman Conquest When Edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the English throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousin), and Harold Godwinson (brother of Edward’s wife) and Harold was chosen as the King by the Witan.

William the Conqueror William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had promised the crown to him and landed his army in England in September Harold was killed in the battle of Hastings and William (the first Anglo- Norman King of England) was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, battle of Hastings

The Battle of Hastings took place on October 14, 1066 is considered as the decisive battle, resulting in the Norman conquest of England.