 Objective: I can compare and contrast the philosophies of Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois and explain the origins of Jim Crow laws.  Preview: What do you see? (half sheet)  Process: Notes  On Your Own: Constitution “test” and Sample literacy test. THE RISE OF JIM CROW

Only 2.3% of America’s young people attended colleges and universities at the turn of the 20 th century (1900s). Between 1880 and 1920, college enrollments exploded—why? – Major industrial development changed the nation’s educational needs. By 1900 out of about 9 million African Americans only 3,880 were in attendance at colleges or professional schools.

Sociologists, author & civil rights leader. 1 st African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University (1896). Conducted numerous studies on black society in America. Professor of history/economics at (Clark) Atlanta University. Found that social change could only be accomplished by agitation and protest. “The problem of the 20 th century is the problem of the color line.”

Short-lived, but important organization advocating for the total integration of blacks into mainstream society, with all the rights, privileges and benefits of other Americans. Founded in Niagara Falls, Ontario in Led by W.E.B. Du Bois Placed the responsibility for the nation’s racial problems squarely on the shoulders of its white population. Dissolved in 1909…replaced by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which Du Bois helped to build.

American educator, author, orator (speaker), and political leader. Had been born into slavery (VA) Attended Hampton University once emancipated. Founded Alabama’s Tuskegee Institute (1881). Believed that change for black people should start with education and self-improvement—not through demand. Gained the support of many liberal whites, especially rich Northerners, enlisting support of philanthropists, which helped to raise funds to establish/operate thousands of community schools of higher education for the betterment of blacks throughout the South.

Legal or societally enforced separation of public or private facilities based upon race. Two types:  De facto: societally enforced segregation.  De jure: legally enforced segregation.

VOTING RESTRICTIONS Some Southern states limited the right to vote to people who could read. Required registration officials to administer a literacy test to test reading. Blacks trying to vote often asked more difficult questions or given tests in foreign languages. Poll tax: an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote. – Blacks as well as white sharecroppers (“Crackers”) were often too poor to pay.

GRANDFATHER CLAUSE To reinstate white voters who may have failed the literacy test or could not pay the poll tax, some Southern states added this clause to their constitutions. Still entitled to vote IF his father, or grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, Date is significant in that before that time, freed slaves did not yet have the right to vote.

WHY CALLED JIM CROW, YOU ASK? Was a stereotype of a black man described in a 19 th century song-and-dance act (minstrel show). Even though Congress had passed the 14 th Amendment in 1868, prohibiting states from violating equal protection of all citizens, southern states passed laws segregating blacks from whites in public places. Want to watch?

WHAT DO YOU SEE?

PLESSY V. FERGUSON: ROOTS OF SEGREGATION My favorite video to show you: