1 Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2 Homework Read Chapter 1Read Chapter 1 Learn Vocabulary Terms, pages 16-17Learn Vocabulary Terms, pages Review Summary Outline, pages 18-19Review Summary Outline, pages Do Part A Questions 1-19, page19Do Part A Questions 1-19, page19 Chapter 1 Worksheets 1, 2Chapter 1 Worksheets 1, 2

3 What is Anatomy & Physiology? Anatomy: the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body partsAnatomy: the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts Physiology: concerns the function of body partsPhysiology: concerns the function of body parts “Form fits Function”“Form fits Function” –What do you think that means?

4 Characteristics of Life Table 1.1, page 4, summarizes the characteristics of life (see text for complete table, know it!)Table 1.1, page 4, summarizes the characteristics of life (see text for complete table, know it!) Some examples:Some examples: –Movement: change in position of body, part of body, or an internal part of body –Excretion: removal of metabolic & solid wastes –Respiration: obtaining/absorbing O 2 for metabolism, release of CO 2, release of energy for metabolism

5 Requirements of Living Organisms Water: much of the compounds in our cells/bodies are in water solution; necessary for transport of substances thru body & regulating body temperatureWater: much of the compounds in our cells/bodies are in water solution; necessary for transport of substances thru body & regulating body temperature Foods: required for energy, growth, and chemical reactionsFoods: required for energy, growth, and chemical reactions Oxygen: used in metabolism to release chemical energy from foodOxygen: used in metabolism to release chemical energy from food Heat: released from metabolic processes, drive “core” body temp; usually the higher the body temp the higher the rate of metabolic function of the organism.Heat: released from metabolic processes, drive “core” body temp; usually the higher the body temp the higher the rate of metabolic function of the organism. Pressure: atmospheric (breathing) and hydrostatic (blood pressure) pressurePressure: atmospheric (breathing) and hydrostatic (blood pressure) pressure

6 Homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment Organisms require a stable internal environmentOrganisms require a stable internal environment –The cells & surrounding fluids require stable body temp, proper amounts of H 2 O, nutrients, O 2, CO 2 to function properly; requirements vary for different organisms. –Poikilothermic & Homeothermic Homeothermic organisms require homeostatic mechanisms: self-regulating control systemsHomeothermic organisms require homeostatic mechanisms: self-regulating control systems –1. receptors – provide stimuli on internal environment –2. set point – proper level or value a certain perameter should be –3. effectors – provide a response to alter conditions in the internal environment

7 Feedback Loops Homeostasis in human regulated by negative feedback mechanisms or negative feedback loopsHomeostasis in human regulated by negative feedback mechanisms or negative feedback loops How they work: *Receptors measure deviations from set point *Effectors are activated to return conditions to normal *Receptors continue to measure conditions in reference to set point, as conditions return to normal, effectors begin to stop *When set point reached, receptors cause effectors to stop, this controls effectors from correcting too far Feedback Loop governing H 2 O Level in Body 

8 Positive Feedback Loops Positive feedback loops also aide in maintaining homeostasis, but body senses a change and activates mechanisms that accelerate or increase that change. This can also aide homeostasis, but in many cases it produces the opposite effect and can be life-threatening.Positive feedback loops also aide in maintaining homeostasis, but body senses a change and activates mechanisms that accelerate or increase that change. This can also aide homeostasis, but in many cases it produces the opposite effect and can be life-threatening. La/Homeostasis.htmlhttp:// La/Homeostasis.htmlhttp:// La/Homeostasis.htmlhttp:// La/Homeostasis.html

9 Levels of Organization Atoms  molecules  macromolecules  cell  tissue  organs  organ systems  organismAtoms  molecules  macromolecules  cell  tissue  organs  organ systems  organism –1. organelles - structures within a cell that carry out specific functions –2. tissue - group of cells organized into layers or masses for a common function –3. organs – groups of tissues forming complex structures with specialized functions –4. organ system - groups of organs that function closely together

10 Organization of Human Body Divisions & Body CavitiesDivisions & Body Cavities Axial PortionAxial Portion Head, neck, & trunk housing the dorsal & ventral cavities A. Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity (skull housing brain), vertebral canal (spinal cord housed within spinal column composed of vertebrae)A. Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity (skull housing brain), vertebral canal (spinal cord housed within spinal column composed of vertebrae) –Oral cavity contains teeth, tongue –Nasal cavity contains sinuses of nose –Orbital cavities contain eyes, associated muscles & nerves –Middle ear cavities contain middle ear bones B. Ventral cavity: thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragmB. Ventral cavity: thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragm –Visceral organs (viscera) – organs in these cavities –Mediastunum contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus; divides cavity into R & L housing the lungs. –Abdominal cavity contains liver, stomach, spleen, gall bladder, kidneys, small & large intestine –Pelvic cavity contains end portion of large intestine, bladder, internal reproductive organs Appendicular Portion: upper and lower limbsAppendicular Portion: upper and lower limbs

11 Membranes Pleural membranes: – thoracic cavity, surround & cover lungsPleural membranes: – thoracic cavity, surround & cover lungs –Parietal pleura; lines walls of the right and left thoracic compartments –Visceral pleura; covers the lungs –Pleural cavity – space between, fluid filled (pleural fluid), prevents friction between surfaces Pericardial membranes:Pericardial membranes: –Visceral pericardium – covers heart surface (myocardium) –Parietal pericardium – membrane covering visceral pericardium –Paricardial cavity – space between, fluid filled (pericardial fluid) Peritoneal membrane: lines the abdominopelvic cavityPeritoneal membrane: lines the abdominopelvic cavity –Parietal peritoneum lines walls of cavity –Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

12 Anatomical Terms Anatomical Position: standing, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forwardAnatomical Position: standing, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward Terms:Terms: –Superior: body part above another: closer to head –Inferior: body part lower than another; closer to feet –Anterior (ventral): toward front/belly –Posterior (dorsal): toward back –Medial: midline dividing body into equal halves –Lateral: toward side –Proximal: describes body part closer to another part –Distal: describes body part farthest from another part –Superficial: situated near surface –Deep: situated near internal core

13 Body sections: Figure 1.11Body sections: Figure 1.11 –Sagittal plane – median plane –Transverse plane – horizontal plane –Coronal plane – frontal plane Body sections: Figure 1.12Body sections: Figure 1.12 –Cross section –Oblique section –Longitudinal section Quadrants/Regions of abdominal cavity: Figure 1.13Quadrants/Regions of abdominal cavity: Figure 1.13

14 Organ Systems Integumentary System: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glandsIntegumentary System: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands –Protect underlying tissues –Regulate body temperature –House sensory structures Skeletal and Muscular Systems:Skeletal and Muscular Systems: –Support and movement –Skeleton: bones, ligaments, cartilage –Muscular: muscles

15 Nervous System:Nervous System: –Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs –Nerve impulses Endocrine System: hormone secreting glandsEndocrine System: hormone secreting glands –Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus gland –Target cells Cardiovascular System: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, bloodCardiovascular System: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood –Transport of oxygen, hormones, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleenLymphatic system: lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen –Remove disease causing microorganisms and viruses from tissue fluid

16 Digestive System: mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestineDigestive System: mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine –Absorb food from the outside Respiratory System: nasal cavity, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi, lungsRespiratory System: nasal cavity, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi, lungs –Move air in and out and exchange gases between the air and blood Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethraUrinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra –Remove waste from the body -maintain water balance Reproductive system:Reproductive system: –Male: scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra –Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitorus, vulva

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