Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Chapter 51 Sensory System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures — Vision and Hearing

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Internal Anatomy of the Eye

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye  External Structures  Eyelids  Eyelashes  Conjunctiva  Lacrimal Gland  Tears

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Eye Anatomy  Structure of Eyeball  Orbit, Six Extrinsic Muscles  Cranial Nerves Innervate Muscles: Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens  Eyeball Layers: Outer Sclera, Middle Choroid, Inner Retina

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Eye Anatomy (cont’d)  Structure of Eyeball  Choroid Layer: Prevents Glare  Ciliary Body: Circular Muscle Changes Shape of Lens

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Eye Anatomy (cont’d)  Structure of Eyeball (cont’d)  Circular Iris: Dilates, Constricts Pupil  Retina: Lines Posterior Eyeball, Contains Rods (Light)/Cones (Color) for Vision  Fovea: Most Acute Color Vision  Optic Nerve: Transmit Images

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Eye Anatomy (cont’d)  Eyeball Cavities  Vitreous Humor: Holds Retina in Place  Aqueous Humor: Nourishes Lens/Cornea

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Physiology of Vision  Focusing of Light Rays on Retina  Transmission of Subsequent Nerve Impulses to Visual Areas of Cerebral Cortex

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Aging and the Sensory System

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Aging and the Eye  Decreased Elasticity of Lens: Presbyopia  Difficult Peripheral Vision  Decreased Pupil Size  Difficult Night Vision  Sensitivity to Glare  Clearer: Yellow, Orange, Red Hues

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Aging and the Eye (cont’d)  Distorted Depth Perception  Decreased Lacrimal Secretions

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Data Collection: Vision  Subjective Data  History  Symptoms

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Data Collection: Vision (cont’d)  Objective Data  Snellen’s Chart/E Chart/Rosenbaum  Normal Vision – 20/20  Visual Impairment – 20/70  Legal Blindness  20/200 or Less with Correction

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Snellen’s Chart

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Data Collection: Vision (cont’d)  Objective Data  Visual Fields by Confrontation  Six Cardinal Fields of Gaze  Corneal Light Reflex  Cover Test  Pupillary Reflexes  Inspection

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Six Cardinal Fields of Gaze

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Diagnostic Tests  Exudate Culture Fluorescein Angiography  Electroretinography  Ultrasonography  Radiological Tests  Digital Imaging

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Therapeutic Measures  Regular Eye Examinations  Eye Hygiene  Nutrition for Eye Health  Eye Safety and Prevention  Eye Irrigation

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Morgan Lens

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Therapeutic Measures  Medication Administration  Eye Patching  Seeing Eye Dogs

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Ear Anatomy

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Ear Anatomy (cont’d)  Outer Ear  Auricle  Ear Canal  Cerumen

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Ear Anatomy (cont’d)  Middle Ear  Eardrum  Malleus, Incus, Stapes  Oval Window  Eustachian Tube

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Ear Anatomy (cont’d)  Inner Ear  Bony Labyrinth  Perilymph  Endolymph  Cochlea  Utricle, Saccule, Semicircular Canals

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Aging and the Ear  Presbycusis  Progressive Hearing Loss  Loss of High Frequency Sounds

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Data Collection: Hearing  Subjective Data  History  Symptoms

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Data Collection: Hearing (cont’d)  Objective Data  Observe Patient Behaviors  How Does Patient Communicate  Inspection  Palpation

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Data Collection: Hearing (cont’d)  Auditory Acuity  Whisper Voice Test  Rinne Test  Weber Test  Balance Testing  Romberg’s Test

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Rinne Test

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Weber Test

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Diagnostic Tests  Audiometric Testing  Tympanometry  Caloric Test  Electronystagmogram  CT Scan, MRI  Culture

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Therapeutic Measures  Medications  Anti-infectives  Anti-inflammatories  Antihistamines  Decongestants  Ceruminolytics  Diuretics

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Ear Drop Administration

Copyright © F.A. Davis Company Linda S. Williams / Paula D. Hopper Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition Therapeutic Measures  Ear Health Maintenance  Assistive Devices  Hearing Aids  Diet  Hearing Ear Dogs