Urbanization, Scientific Management, & Labor Movements in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Comparing 2 U.P. Towns Calumet, MI (Copper Mining)Gwinn, MI (Iron Mining)

Calumet: Alexander Agassiz Leader of C & H Mine Gwinn: William Gwinn Mather Leader of Cleveland-Cliffs Mine

Paternalism (or Welfare Capitalism) “Any service provided for the comfort or improvement of employees which was neither a necessity of the industry nor required by law…(they) saw it as a countermeasure to labor strikes and violence and a way to delay a number of reform measures…that were becoming increasingly evident during the progressive era.” –Dr. Alan Alanen speaking of William Mather as the pioneer of welfare capitalism and what motivated it

View of Calumet Calumet and vicinity. National Park Service, Keweenaw National Historic Park. C & H Collection (ACC 40). Ca

Gwinn 1909 Photo Courtesy of Lake Superior Mining Institute Proceedings 1909

Then & Now Preservation, upkeep, restoration, or vacancy of housing, businesses, and industry. Was there a “better” method between Agassiz and Mather?

After you turn your homework in to the tray… solve the following math problem: Yesterday, the winning paper airplanes were produced in 3 rd hour at a rate of 5 for every 4 minutes and in 4 th hour at a rate of 5 for every 10 minutes. How many planes will be produced in an hour in each class? How many in a day (assuming a 15 hour workday for factory workers)?

Manual Drilling Hand Drilling. National Park Service, Keweenaw National Historic Park. Koepel Collection. Ca

Two-man Drill Champion Mine. National Park Service, Keweenaw National Historic Park. Foster Collection. Ca

One-man drill Miner Drilling Copper Rock with Leyner Machine. National Park Service, Keweenaw National Historic Park. KHSC Collection. Keystone Ca

“The main complaint is about… work, it is too hard. Ever since I have been in the mine it has continually become harder…Generally they want more work of a man, When I first started if a man drilled five holes they never wanted more...Several months before I left there [the Quincy mine] the Captain came into the office and said: “Six holes won’t do anymore – 8, 9, and ten.” It was six holes up to that time” (qtd in Lankton, ).

Organization What is a labor union? What is the purpose of it? When & why would it be needed?

Company Officers Believed: (The WFM is ) “a foreign body preaching socialistic doctrines, and inciting class hatred and disloyalty (with) a notorious record for crime, disorder and brutality.” - qtd. In Lankton The Court Believed: “The men on strike are most interested in showing they are law-abiding citizen and willing to do their duty as citizens and inhabitant of this county.” -Judge O’Brien speaking of the strikers that were arrested in mass Oct (qtd. In Lankton 232).

“I cannot tell you to what length the Finnish and Croatian women are going in this matter…At the Trimountain mine last week the Finnish women dipped up a pail of human excrement from an outside water closet. They put up a long stick through the handle and carried the pail down the street followed by five other women with brooms, the intention being to smear any non-Union man who could find. Indeed one non-Union man was caught by the women who watched him go into a water closet, they plastered him thoroughly over the head and face with human excrement.” -qtd in Lankton “Big Annie” Clemenc