Salinization and Waterlogging Cheyenne Curling, Arieanna Lester, Nathan Gizaw

Waterlogging  Whenever the soil is so wet that there is insufficient oxygen in the pore space for plant roots to be able to respire.  A main indicator is water puddles. Salinization  The process by which water- soluble salts accumulate in the soil, limiting the ability of plants to absorb water.  A main indicator is increased soil wetness or white crusting on the surface.

Causes Waterlogging  Rainfall  Floods  Poor water management  Over irrigation  Roads disrupting water flow Salinization  Shallow saline groundwater table  Inadequate drainage  Poor quality water used for irrigation  Waterlogging  Improper crop patterns and rotations  Heavy use of fertilizers

Ecological Impact Waterlogging  Excess waters cause insufficient water in the soil, preventing plants from being able to respire.  Plants cannot grow.  This causes plants to decompose. Salinization  Excess salt prevents plants from being able to absorb water and nutrients.  Plants cannot grow.  Can cause soil to become infertile.  Salinized land is often abandoned.

Areas Most Affected Waterlogging  According to the GLASOD estimate, waterlogging affects 4.6 M ha  Mostly in irrigated areas of India and Pakistan Salinization  Affects mainly dry zones  Half the agricultural land in Iran  4 M ha in India and Pakistan

Prevention and Remedies Waterlogging  Create adequate drainage  Shallow surface drains  More intensive draining using widespread furrows  Even more intensive drainage in forms of raised beds

Prevention and Remedies  Manage the area contributing to excess water  Decrease excess water from infiltrating into the soil in recharge areas of seeps by diverting surface water to downslope ponds.  Keep the water table at a low, safe level. Do not over irrigate. (as discharge of salty waters may contribute to other of site problems.  Use cropping and tillage systems that promote adequate infiltration and permeability  Remove excess water from recharge areas of seeps by using actively growing, deep-rooted plants Salinization  Manage the area where excess water comes to the surface  Grow salt tolerant crops  Reduce deep tillage to stop bringing salt up from deeper soil  Plant crops next to bodies of water to increase water use.  Install artificial drainage systems in severely damaged areas.  Get rid of seepage from irrigation canals, dugout, and ponds

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