Later Islamic Empires

Review )Muhammad )Rightly Guided Caliphs )Umayyads: N. Africa, W. Europe )Abbasids: Middle East, into Byzantium )Seljuks: take over from Abbasids

3 New Empires )Ottoman Empire (modern Turkey) )Safavid Empire (modern Iran) ) Mughal Empire (modern India)

Ottoman Empire ( ) )Est. by Osman, about 1300 )“Sultan”—overlord )“Gunpowder empire” )Expansionist—taking parts of old Byzantine Empire )Mehmed II )Conquered Constantinople, 1453 )Now controlled Bosporus—Med. a “Muslim Lake”

Osman I (Othman):

Continued Expansion by Ottomans )Selim the Grim, took Mecca, Medina, Cairo )Suleyman the Great (Suleyman the Lawgiver) )Invaded Europe—close to Vienna )New law code—mix of shari’a and secular; highly progressive )Less bureaucracy )Est. of janissaries—Christian converts to Islam; excellent soldiers )Religious tolerance in the empire—even alliances with Christian countries )Decline after death

Suleiman the Magnificent: ( ) Suleiman’s Signature

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

The End of the Byzantine Empire

Life under the Ottomans )Religious tolerance )Taxation not terrible )Blended culture—building on what the Byzantines started )Flowering of culture )Still under very strict laws

Conversations Between Muslims & Christians

Scholars at the Galata Observatory (Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557

Qur’an Page: Arabic Calligraphy

Calligraphy

Blue Mosque

Blue Mosque - interior

Prayer Rug, 16c Ottoman Empire

Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel Visits Muhammad

Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

TPS )With your partner, discuss how you think the West was affected by the Ottoman Empire’s conquest of the Mediterranean area.

Safavid Empire ( ) )Example of cultural blending )Squeezed between Ottomans and Mughals )Shi’a—most other empires Sunni )Iran today: still only major Shi’a power )Shah Ismail, 1499: conquest )Slaughter of Sunni—Ottoman response )Defeated by Ottomans, 1514

Safavid Empire )Shah Abbas (Abbas the Great) )Army loyal to him alone—modeled on janissaries )Punished gov’t corruption )Emphasized religious tolerance )“Golden Age” )Great trading center--between empires; carpets )Brought in artists from China, West, etc. )Decline after death

Mughal Empire ( ) )Mughal=Mongol )Babur: est. empire; great general )Gunpowder empire )Small armies, great tactics )Strong ruler

Mughal Empire )Greatest Leader: Akbar )“Golden Age” )Military genius—unified India )Cultural blending, as with other later Muslim Empires )Religious tolerance )Brought other religions into government )Progressive taxation

Mughal )Cultural flowering )Multi-lingual )Rise of Hindu, Muslim Lit )Akbar period of architecture )Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan

Mughal Decline )High taxes after Akbar )Aurangzeb, turned away from religious tolerance )Angered Hindu majority )West starts coming in and taking over pieces )Bombay to British )Portuguese, French, Dutch… )IMPERIALISM STARTING

Agenda  Warm up: complete Later Islamic Empires Chart  This will be taken up VERY shortly after announcements

Islam in Africa

Maghrib: modern day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

Islam in Africa  Beginning = Umayyad conquerers in Maghrib  Maghrib = modern day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco  Est. of Fatimid (Egypt), Almoravid (Moors, into Spain), Almohad (took control of Almoravids)  Almohad Empire broke up into individual Muslim Dynasties  Important because it united the people of the Maghrib for the first time!!

Empire of Ghana

 Gold and Salt trade vitally important  Trade had been irregular because of harsh desert conditions until nomads began using camels  Camels could travel faster and go longer without water  By 800’s (C.E.) Ghana is thriving due to trade  Trade brings religion  Merchants & teachers settled in the region and introduced their faith  Religion usually syncretic (mixed)  Islam mixed with traditional beliefs in Animism  belief that spirits livingin animals, plants and natural forces play an important role in daily life

Decline of Ghana  Not a very strong empire  Taken over by Almoravids of North Africa by 1076 C. E.  Gold trade badly disrupted  Ghana never regained power

Empire of Mali  Kingdom of Mali emerged by 1235 C.E.  Wealth also built on gold trade  After Ghana declined new deposits of gold were found to the east  Trade routes shifted east in the direction of these new gold deposits and Mali

Empire of Mali  Sundiata – Mali’s first great leader (sun-JAHT-ah)  Seized power from an unpopular ruler and took over Ghana, along with control of trading cities  Peace followed; good administration, supported agriculture & re- established salt & gold trade

Empire of Mali  Sundiata was a great military and civil leader; est. empire  People began to call the area Mali, meaning where the king lives.

Mali’s next rulers  After Sundiata died, many of the next rulers were Muslim  They built mosques, attended public prayer  The most famous of these Muslim rulers was Mansa Musa  Ruled from 1312 – 1332 C.E.  Muslim; went on hajj to Mecca from 1324 – 1325 C.E.

Timbuktu  When he returned, he ordered the construction of new mosques in the trading cities of Timbuktu & Gao  Timbuktu became one of the most important cities in the empire  Outstanding mosques and universities  Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders and scholars were attracted from all over

Mansa Musa

Decline of Mali  Early 1400’s, Mali began to decline  Mansa Musa’s successors weren’t good governors  Also, gold trade shifted further east

Empire of Songhai  As Mali declined, people under it’s rule broke away  Some of those people were the Songhai  Sunni Ali, Muslim – 1 st of two great Musllim rulers  great military; took over Mali  Songhai controlled trade routes; Capital in Gao  After Sunni Ali died, his son who was not a devout Muslim took over  Many were upset that he didn’t practice Islam faithfully.  Revolt; leader = Askia Muhammad

Songhai Leaders Sunni AliAskia Muhammad

Empire of Songhai  Askia Muhammad – drove Sunni Ali’s son from power and took over  Religiously devout—Muslim fundamentalist  Excellent administrator  Efficient tax systme  Good officials  NOT a gunpowder empire—conquered by Moroccans in the late 1500’s

Bantu Migration  The Bantu were a group of people from south of the Sahara desert in Africa  Not one people, but shared a common language & culture  Farmers, nomadic herders  Developed and passed on ironworking  Began to move south and east about 2000 years ago

Bantu Migration Map

Bantu Migration  Slash and burn method of farming forced them to move every few years  When they moved, they shared agricultural & ironworking skills with the new people they encountered  Migrate across central Africa & eventually make their way to the east coast  On the coast they built farming & fishing villages

Bantu Migration  Coastal villages became busy seaports  Trade between East African merchants and traders from Arabia, Persia & India  Trade brought many Muslim Arabs and Persian traders who settled in the area  Lead to the development of Swahili, language that blends Arabic language with the Bantu language  Cities on the coast that thrived due to trade are known as Swahili trading cities

Summary   Place in 3 rd /4 th block basket when you’re done!  Later Islamic Empires Map Activity