Industrialization

Industrial Revolution (ca ) Competitive environment with commercialized European countries encouraged innovation Merchants/businesses were supported by governments New, cheap raw materials from overseas colonies – Sugar, cotton, timber, fish, maize, potatoes Colonies also provided markets for manufactured products Stimulated by exposure to Asian products – Silk, textiles, porcelain

Why Great Britain First? Agricultural innovation allowed for higher food output, growing population Enclosure movement of land forced people into cities for work Royal Society: encouraged scientific and technological exploration Religious toleration – Open to skilled inventors regardless of their religion Protection from continental wars Access to local coal and iron ore deposits

Second Agricultural Revolution Innovations to decrease labor and number of workers – Thresher, crop rotation, fertilizers, tractors, new plows Cyrus McCormick: mechanical reaper Jethro Tull: seed drill

Steam Engine James Watt: vastly improved the steam engine by 1778 Coal-powered fires produced steam to cause pumping action Used in factories, mills, mines Decreased reliance on wind, water, animal, and human energy Increased production levels

Steamships

Industrial Output Growth of Cotton Industry—cotton spindles (in thousands)

Industrial Output Output of coal—annual averages (in million metric tons) Output of pig iron—annual averages (in thousand metric tons)

Railroads Railroads and steam engine locomotives quickly connected markets and transported goods and people Growth of railroad tracks in Europe (in miles)

Steam Locomotives

Effects of Industrialization Growth of cities and population increased Great Britain: 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 to 30.5 million in 1901 Europe: 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900

Effects on Society Overall quality of life improved Louis Pasteur ( ) – French scientist who developed new vaccines, proved germs caused diseases Infant mortality rates dropped, life expectancies improved, population increased – New sanitation methods, hygiene, better diets

Effects on Aristocracy Aristocracy declined as land became less important – Lost political power to powerful and rich businessmen – Many moved to the colonies to become colonial administrators

Effects on Middle Class Manufacturers, factory and mine owners, businessmen, bankers Focused on ideals of hard work, thriftiness, cleanliness, virtue, and respectability Reform Act of 1832 granted them the right to vote Women were expected to be homemakers, wives, mothers – Women entered workforce in late 19 th century as teachers, nurses, secretaries Children left work force for school

Leisure for the Middle Class

Effects on Laboring Class 70% of Britain’s population Overcrowded in cities – Poor sanitation, epidemics, polluted water supply Many worked 14 hours a day, 7 days a week Men, women, and children all worked Wages increased while standard of living did not

Urban Living Conditions

Child Labor

Marx and Socialism Karl Marx ( ): German economist and philosopher Opposed to capitalism – Private owners controlled the means of production (machines, tools, factories, resources) in order to make a profit Bourgeoisie: middle class who owned the means of production Proletariat: working class that sold its labor to the bourgeoisie

Marx believed that capitalism created class struggle Eventually proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie They would establish a classless society based on socialism – Working class would own means of production and cooperatively share profits

Luddites Textile artisans who were replaced by machines and low-wage workers Revolted and destroyed machines in northern England

Industrialization in the United States Abundant resources, political stability, growing markets allowed for rapid industrialization Mass production techniques – Interchangeable parts, assembly line Lack of government oversight and tax breaks allowed for growth of large businesses – US Steel in 1901 had annual budget three times larger than the US government

Railroad Growth in the United States

Socialism in the United States No major socialist political party emerged – Focus on skilled workers excluded radical unskilled workers – Diverse immigrant population prevented united industrial force – General economic prosperity provided higher standard of living for workers Americans revered industrial tycoons – John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford Socialism seen as “un-American”