16 The Endocrine System

Which group of messengers is defined as acting on cells within the same tissue? Autocrines Hormones Paracrines Eicosanoids Answer: c. Paracrines © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which group of messengers is defined as acting on cells within the same tissue? Autocrines Hormones Paracrines Eicosanoids Answer: c. Paracrines © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones are secreted ________. directly onto their target cell into the cerebrospinal fluid into ducts into the blood Answer: d. into the blood © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones are secreted ________. directly onto their target cell into the cerebrospinal fluid into ducts into the blood Answer: d. into the blood © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

A major determinant of a hormone's mechanism of action is ________. whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic its size whether it is rapid acting or slow acting if it activates gene activity or not Answer: a. whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A major determinant of a hormone's mechanism of action is ________. whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic its size whether it is rapid acting or slow acting if it activates gene activity or not Answer: a. whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located _________. inside the target cell on the plasma membrane of the target cell in the blood plasma in the extracellular fluid Answer: a. inside the target cell © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located _________. inside the target cell on the plasma membrane of the target cell in the blood plasma in the extracellular fluid Answer: a. inside the target cell © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Interaction with a membrane-bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via __________. depolarization direct gene activation a second messenger endocytosis Answer: c. a second messenger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Interaction with a membrane-bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via __________. depolarization direct gene activation a second messenger endocytosis Answer: c. a second messenger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Second messenger–activating hormones circulate in minute quantities because ________. they are not important signal molecules small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification they are continuously released from the gland neurotransmitters also bind to hormone receptors Answer: b. small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Second messenger–activating hormones circulate in minute quantities because ________. they are not important signal molecules small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification they are continuously released from the gland neurotransmitters also bind to hormone receptors Answer: b. small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Which of the following molecules act as second messengers? cAMP Ca2+ Inositol triphosphate All of the above Answer: d. All of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following molecules act as second messengers? cAMP Ca2+ Inositol triphosphate All of the above Answer: d. All of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must possess _______. a receptor a second messenger the hormone a chaperone Answer: a. a receptor © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must possess _______. a receptor a second messenger the hormone a chaperone Answer: a. a receptor © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

When the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of ________ stimulation. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: a. humoral © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

When the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of ________ stimulation. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: a. humoral © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

When an infant suckles at his mother's breast, the mother's neurohypophysis releases oxytocin. This is an example of ________ stimulation. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: b. neural © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

When an infant suckles at his mother's breast, the mother's neurohypophysis releases oxytocin. This is an example of ________ stimulation. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: b. neural © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

When the ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone GnRH, this is an example of ________ stimulation. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: c. hormonal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

When the ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone GnRH, this is an example of ________ stimulation. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: c. hormonal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ______ mechanisms. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: d. negative feedback © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ______ mechanisms. humoral neural hormonal negative feedback Answer: d. negative feedback © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus? ADH ACTH LH GH Answer: a. ADH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus? ADH ACTH LH GH Answer: a. ADH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

Hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are detected by the ________. neurohypophysis adenohypophysis median eminence infundibulum Answer: b. adenohypophysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are detected by the ________. neurohypophysis adenohypophysis median eminence infundibulum Answer: b. adenohypophysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

The long bone growth–promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by _______. somatostatin somatotropic cells insulin-like growth factors insulin Answer: c. insulin-like growth factors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The long bone growth–promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by _______. somatostatin somatotropic cells insulin-like growth factors insulin Answer: c. insulin-like growth factors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 31

Secretions from the corticotropic cells activate cells of the ________, while secretions from the gonadotropic cells affect cells of the ________. adrenal cortex; gonads thyroid; mammary glands gonads; adrenal cortex mammary glands; gonads Answer: a. adrenal cortex; gonads © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Secretions from the corticotropic cells activate cells of the ________, while secretions from the gonadotropic cells affect cells of the ________. adrenal cortex; gonads thyroid; mammary glands gonads; adrenal cortex mammary glands; gonads Answer: a. adrenal cortex; gonads © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. The most likely cause is _________. hyposecretion of oxytocin hypersecretion of oxytocin hyposecretion of ADH hypersecretion of ADH Answer: c. hyposecretion of ADH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. The most likely cause is _________. hyposecretion of oxytocin hypersecretion of oxytocin hyposecretion of ADH hypersecretion of ADH Answer: c. hyposecretion of ADH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 35

Where is iodide located in the thyroid gland? Secretory vesicles inside follicular cells Lumen of follicle Golgi apparatus of parafollicular cells Cytoplasm of follicular cells Answer: d. Cytoplasm of follicular cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where is iodide located in the thyroid gland? Secretory vesicles inside follicular cells Lumen of follicle Golgi apparatus of parafollicular cells Cytoplasm of follicular cells Answer: d. Cytoplasm of follicular cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 37

Which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH? Increasing osteoclast activity Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney Activating vitamin D Answer: b © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH? Increasing osteoclast activity Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney Activating vitamin D Answer: b © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 39

A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from _______. hypothyroidism cretinism hyperthyroidism hypersecretion of calcitonin Answer: c. hyperthyroidism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from _______. hypothyroidism cretinism hyperthyroidism hypersecretion of calcitonin Answer: c. hyperthyroidism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 41

Occasionally, a female patient experiences hirsutism, or excessive facial hair growth, yet blood tests reveal that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hypersecretion of _______. catecholamines mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids Answer: d. gonadocorticoids © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Occasionally, a female patient experiences hirsutism, or excessive facial hair growth, yet blood tests reveal that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hypersecretion of _______. catecholamines mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids Answer: d. gonadocorticoids © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 43

__________ is the adrenal hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood sodium levels. Cortisol DHEA Aldosterone Epinephrine Answer: c. Aldosterone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

__________ is the adrenal hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood sodium levels. Cortisol DHEA Aldosterone Epinephrine Answer: c. Aldosterone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 45

_________ trigger(s) secretion of aldosterone. Increased K+ Angiotensin II ANP Both a and b Answer: d. Both a and b © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

_________ trigger(s) secretion of aldosterone. Increased K+ Angiotensin II ANP Both a and b Answer: d. Both a and b © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 47

During times of stress, elevated levels of _______ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time. cortisol aldosterone ACTH androgens Answer: a. cortisol © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

During times of stress, elevated levels of _______ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time. cortisol aldosterone ACTH androgens Answer: a. cortisol © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 49

Along with the sympathetic nervous system, the _________ is the other primary mediator of acute stress. adrenal medulla adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa zona reticularis Answer: a. adrenal medulla © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Along with the sympathetic nervous system, the _________ is the other primary mediator of acute stress. adrenal medulla adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa zona reticularis Answer: a. adrenal medulla © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 51

Which of the following is not an action of glucagon? Release of glucose to the blood by liver cells Transport of glucose into most body cells Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid Breakdown of glycogen Answer: b. Transport of glucose into most body cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following is not an action of glucagon? Release of glucose to the blood by liver cells Transport of glucose into most body cells Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid Breakdown of glycogen Answer: b. Transport of glucose into most body cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 53

The secretion of ________ helps regulate our circadian rhythms. estrogen testosterone thyroid hormones melatonin Answer: d. melatonin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The secretion of ________ helps regulate our circadian rhythms. estrogen testosterone thyroid hormones melatonin Answer: d. melatonin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 55

The thymus secretes the hormone(s) ______________. thymopoietin thymosin thymulin all of the above Answer: d. all of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The thymus secretes the hormone(s) ______________. thymopoietin thymosin thymulin all of the above Answer: d. all of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 57

Which of the following structures produces a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production? Stomach Heart Kidney Skin Answer: c. Kidney © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following structures produces a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production? Stomach Heart Kidney Skin Answer: c. Kidney © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 59

Which of the following structures produces a precursor to hormonal vitamin D, important for Ca2+ regulation? Stomach Heart Kidney Skin Answer: d. Skin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following structures produces a precursor to hormonal vitamin D, important for Ca2+ regulation? Stomach Heart Kidney Skin Answer: d. Skin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 61