 Bio.2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments.  Bio Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.

 Biodiversity  Natural resource  Deforestation  Keystone species  Pollution  Global warming  Invasive species  Acid rain  Eutrophication  Pesticide  Bioaccumulation  Carrying capacity

 Organisms in stable ecosystems are suited to their environment  Sudden changes to environmental conditions may change which populations can survive  Many human activities affect populations within ecosystems

 Human population is a major challenge to the environment  Over the last 200 years human population has grown exponentially  Births exceed deaths World Clock

 Is the largest population that an ecosystem can support  Limited  Available energy  Drinkable water  Nutrients

 Researchers are attempting to address limits to carrying capacity  Developing new energy resources  Improving old energy resources  Recycling and conserving water  Increasing agricultural productivity

 Is the number of different kinds of organisms living on Earth or in an ecosystem  Human activities can alter the biodiversity of an ecosystem  Biologically  Physically  Chemically  As population grows, humans use more natural resources

 Are any part or product of the environment that is used by humans or other organisms  land  Water  Air  Organisms can be natural resources  If humans use more resources than they need, it may become unavailable to other organisms

 Human use of resources can physically and chemically alter the ecosystem  People clear land or fill waterways  Mining  Greenhouse gases and global warming  These changes can harm species that live there

 Is the removal of all trees in an area of forest  Done to make room for farms, mines, towns, and to use wood  Destroys habitats forcing species out, reducing biodiversity

 Is a species that plays a critical role in an ecosystem  The removal of one type of plant or animal can affect the structure of ecosystems  Eastern oyster  Lives in estuaries of NC  Food source  Cleans water  Build reefs for over 300 species Prairie Dogs: Keystone species - YouTube

 The release of harmful substances or energy into air, soil, or water  Dumping garbage  Burning of fossil fuels pollutes air with carbon dioxide  What are other ways CO 2 levels have been altered?  How can you reduce pollution levels? great pacific garbage gyre

 Is an increase in average atmospheric temperatures around the world  Increased levels of CO 2 are a major cause of climate change  Rising temperatures harm many environments  Polar ice caps  Sea ice  Glaciers are melting and not being replaced by fresh ice global warming

sea level rise

 Global warming is expected to cause more droughts, floods, and other extreme weather  Slower climate change that is more long term can alter ecosystems as an area becomes too hot, cold, dry, or wet for the species that reside there

 Is rain that has a pH lower than 5.6  Burning fossil fuels also produces sulfur and nitrogen  Mix with water in the atmosphere to produce acid rain  Damages plants and organisms that feed on them

 Improper disposal of waste  Reckless use of chemicals  Oil spills  Pollutants can make an ecosystem unfit for the organisms that live there  Pollutants can make freshwater unsuitable for drinking, cooking, irrigation and manufacturing

 Occurs when excess nutrients are released into a body of water (algal blooms)  sewage, fertilizer, sediment (nitrogen and phosphorus)  Carried to water as runoff  Waste lagoons in hog farms in NC are a source

 As algal blooms use up resources, they die in excessive numbers  Decomposers become active and use more oxygen  Decreases oxygen available to other organisms  Kills fish and other organisms from suffocation (dead zone)

 Chemicals designated to kill pests or animals  Insects and rodents  Reduces disease and increase food production but can kill or sicken animals other than targets  Weakens ecosystem  Pesticides are included in runoff

 An increase in the amount of a substance, such as pesticide, in the tissues of an organism  Taken in when organisms feed and passed to other organisms, the increase in concentration  Are not digested but stored in organisms bioaccumulation bioaccumulation 2

 Sometimes bioaccumulation affects offspring of organisms instead of the organism itself  Bald eagles and peregrine falcon population declined rapidly in 1960’s due to DDT  DDT made the shells of eggs brittle  fewer chicks hatched  DDT was banned Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring used evolution to explain problems with DDT and warned of dangers of the pesticide. Her book changed America’s view on pesticide use and led to a ban of DDT Silent Spring

 Permanent dying out of a species  All species depend on other species for survival  Some scientists estimate 1 species / hr  Many are caused by human activities  Overhunting  Overfishing  Invasive species Galapagos Tortoise Lonesome George

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