Chapter 10. Section 1

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire 1. The Ottoman Empire, which had been steadily declining since the late 1700s, finally ended after WWI. 2. It was referred to as “the sick man of Europe” 3. The British sought to undermine Ottoman rule by supporting Arab nationalist activities in the Arabian Peninsula.

RC1: How did the Ottoman Empire finally end?  After WWI, Britain and France divided the remaining Ottoman territories in the Middle East except present-day Turkey. Then Greece invaded Turkey and seized the western parts of the Anatolian Peninsula. The last sultan fled in 1923.

The Modernization of Turkey 1. Turkey’s President Kemal changed the political system and the Turkish culture to create a modern state. A. President Kemal a.k.a. Atatürk B. A democratic system was put in place, and Atatürk harshly suppressed his critics. C. 3 major changes: 1. Turkish language lost Arabic elements 2. Popular education (for lower classes) 3. Last names (a very European thing)

RC2: How did Atatürk modernize Turkey?  By implementing a secular and democratic system in Turkey

The Beginnings of Modern Iran 1. Government and economic reforms changed Persia into the modern country of Iran A.Reza Shah Pahlavi led a mutiny to seize control of Tehran, the Persian capital and made himself Shah (king) B.The new dynasty, “Pahlavi” was the name of the ancient Persian language C.Persia became Iran in 1935

RC3: How did Persia’s modernization process differ from Turkey’s?  Reza Shah Pahlavi did not try to destroy the power of Islamic beliefs.

Discuss!  What event led to the increased number of foreigners in Persia? Why did this discovery NOT greatly benefit the Persian economy?  ANSWER: the discovery of oil; most of the profits went to British investors

RC4: Why were many Middle Eastern states created after World War I? The League of Nations allowed its members to create many mandates (given territories under their control) out of the Ottoman land. Europeans determined the nations’ borders and divided the peoples.

Arab Nationalism 1. The Arabs were a group with a common language and religion w/o a nation. 2. Britain and France ended up controlling the Arab mandates of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. 3. Ibn Saud united Arabs in Saudi Arabia in 1932 A. Poor until oil was discovered B. Oil brought Western oil industries and wealth

Just to clarify…  BOTH Iran (previously Persia) AND Saudi Arabia found wealth in OIL!

The Problem of Palestine 1. GB controlled the mandate of Palestine after WWI A. Ancient home of Jews, but few lived there B. Balfour Declaration (1917) supported the idea of a nat’l home for Jews there 2. GB promised to protect Jewish rights A. This angered Arabs living there (98% Muslim) B. Nazi persecution = more Jews moved to Palestine C. When tensions rose, GB limited immigration to 75,000 Jews for 5 years (and to zero after that).

RC5: How did the Balfour Declaration eventually lead to problems in Palestine?  It stated Britain’s intention to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, a territory in which most of the population was Muslim

Chapter 10, Section 2

I. Movements toward Independence in Africa A. Africans thought fighting for GB and France would help them gain independence after WWI – didn’t happen B. Many Africans sought political reforms for liberty and equality (like W. democracies) 1. KENYA: Harry Thuku, leader of the Young Kikuyu Association, was jailed after protesting GB’s high taxes. When followers tried to free him, 50 were killed and Thuku exiled. 2. LIBYA: Omar Mukhtar led guerrilla fighters against Italy. Italy put Libyans in concentration camps and killed Mukhtar, ending the fighting.

C. Colonial powers usually responded to revolts with force, though some reforms were made. 1. Many colonies insisted on independence in the 1930s 2. Many of the new African leaders were inspired by American writers Marcus Garvey & W.E.B. Du Bois. Both stressed the need for Pan-Africanism (African unity) D. Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) believed GB destroyed traditional African cultures. Leopold Senghor (Senegal) and Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria) worked to end colonial rule.

II. The Movement for Indian Independence A. Mohandas Gandhi B. Jawaharlal Nehru

III. The Rise of Militarist Japan