Chapter 35 Section 1: The Digestive System Section 2: Nutrition Section 3: The Endocrine System

Section 1: The Digestive System

Objective Questions What is the function of the digestive system? What are the major organs involved? What other systems does the digestive system work with?

Function : to break down food into a form usable by cells

Organs of the Digestive System Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Small intestine Large intestine

Organs Job Enzyme Mouth mechanical and chemical digestion Esophagus move food to stomach Stomach mechanical and chemical digestion Pepsin, HCl Liver release enzyme to digest fat Bile Pancreas release enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins Small intestine mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients Large intestine reabsorption of water

What Systems Work With The Digestive System? Nervous System….. Hungry? Full? Circulatory System… delivery

Section 3 The Endocrine System

Is composed of glands that release hormones directly Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System… Is composed of glands that release hormones directly into the blood stream.

Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Hormone: substance that acts on certain target cells and tissues to produce a specific response.

Major Endocrine Glands In the head: Hypothalamus, Pituitary In the neck: Thyroid, Parathyroid In the upper torso: Thymus In the lower torso: Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovaries or Testes

The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system.

The Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland Regulates other glands and… growth,

The Thyroid Gland controls metabolism and blood calcium

The four parathyroid glands sit on the back side of the thyroid gland The four parathyroid glands sit on the back side of the thyroid gland. They secrete a hormone that regulates blood calcium levels

Adrenal Glands : Aldosterone – (Kidney)Sodium Levels Adrenalin/Norepinephrine – (Heart, metabolism) Fight or Flight Cortisol – Blood glucose levels (liver), inflammation control

Pancreas Controls Blood Glucose Levels Also many Digestive enzymes… Insulin: Store glucose in Liver Glucagon: Release glucose into blood

Hormone Regulation 2) feedback systems 1) antagonistic hormones (two hormones that have opposite effects). 2) feedback systems Most hormone systems use negative feedback

Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Negative Feedback Negative feedback returns a system to a set point (normal) once moves away from that set point.

Our bodies function within a range. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Our bodies function within a range. The range is found between the set point and a threshold. Threshold Set Point

Figure 45.9 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals

Figure 45.10 Glucose homeostasis maintained by insulin and glucagon

35.3 The Endocrine System Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems From drive Visualizing the Endocrine System

Diabetes: an Endocrine System Disorder Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by stimulating body cells to absorb glucose. Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose into the blood stream. Insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus: a condition of abnormally high blood glucose concentration. 2 types of diabetes: I and II. Type I diabetes is a severe childhood disorder in which insulin-producing cells die. Usually treated by daily injections of insulin into the blood. Type II diabetes occurs usually after age 40, more common and less severe than type I. Although it’s hereditary, onset usually co-relates with obesity. Can be controlled with diet and exercise. Results of insulin loss: dehydration, kidney damage, neuropathy, nausea, diabetic coma, sometimes death.

There are two basic types of hormones…

Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Steroid Hormones: All steroid hormones cause target cells to begin protein synthesis. Bind to receptors inside target cells Examples of steroid hormones include Estrogen Testosterone

Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems

Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Amino Acid Hormones Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids. They bind to receptors found on the plasma membrane of a target cell because they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane

Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems

What Do I Need to Remember About the Endocrine System? *Several glands in body… secrete hormones *Hypothalamus= links nervous and endocrine systems *Pituitary: Master Gland *Regulate body to maintain homeostasis *Most run on negative feedback, but some have antagonistic pairs. (see next slide)

Important Hormones Calcium : Thyroid/Parathyroid – Calcitonin Regulation and Parathyroid Hormone Blood Sugar: Pancreas –Insulin/Glucagon Regulation Metabolism: Thyroid –Thyroxine Growth: Pituitary – HGH

The End

Internal feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Negative Feedback Internal feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Endocrine Glands and their hormones Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands and their hormones

Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland Situated at the base of the brain Secretes hormones that regulate many body functions Regulates other endocrine glands

Examples of pituitary hormones: Human Growth Hormone TSH : thyroid to release thyroxine FSH Females :release of estrogen Males: growth of sperm LH Females release of egg and progesterone in ovary Males release of testosterone in the testes

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid: Thyroxine causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of metabolism. Calcitonin is a hormone that is partly responsible for the regulation of calcium by lowering blood calcium (bones, kidneys) Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. Tells bones to release calcium or kidneys and intestines to reabsorb more calcium

35.3 The Endocrine System Pancreas Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Pancreas Crucial role in the production of enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which work together to maintain homeostasis

Link to the Nervous System Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 The Endocrine System Link to the Nervous System The hypothalamus produces two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions in homeostasis by regulating water balance.

Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down starches into sugars? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down starches into sugars? amylase appendix peristalsis pepsin

Cellulose is an example of what type of food? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Diagnostic Questions Cellulose is an example of what type of food? fat protein carbohydrate vegetable

Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight” response? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight” response? adrenal pituitary parathyroid thyroid

What type of digestion is carried out by the Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions What type of digestion is carried out by the action of smooth muscles in the stomach and small intestine? chemical digestion mechanical digestion

Where does the chemical digestion of starches begin? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions Where does the chemical digestion of starches begin? mouth stomach small intestine large intestine

In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin most active? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin most active? acidic solution buffered solution gaseous solution concentrated sugar solution

What is the primary function of the large intestine? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.1 Formative Questions What is the primary function of the large intestine? absorption of water from chyme chemical breakdown of feces excretion of acids and hormones mechanical digestion of lipids

a complex carbohydrate found in fruits Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions What is glycogen? a complex carbohydrate found in fruits a form of glucose stored in the liver a lipoprotein found in meat and fish a simple sugar carried by the blood

Fats are an important part of a healthy diet. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions True or False Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.

What nutrients are released by the digestion Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions What nutrients are released by the digestion of proteins, absorbed into the bloodstream, and reassembled into proteins in body cells? amino acids folic acids glycerols vitamins

Which nutrients contain the most energy, gram for gram? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions Which nutrients contain the most energy, gram for gram? carbohydrates fats proteins vitamins

Which substances are necessary for proper Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.2 Formative Questions Which substances are necessary for proper nerve conduction and muscle contraction? Vitamins A and E Vitamins B2, B6, and B12 the minerals Ca, Na, and K the minerals Fe, Cu, and Zn

Which type of hormone sends a message from outside the cell to Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions Which type of hormone sends a message from outside the cell to an enzyme inside the cell?

transmembrane hormone Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions amino acid hormone diuretic hormone steroid hormone transmembrane hormone

Which gland responds to a stressful situation Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions Which gland responds to a stressful situation by producing a hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood sugar levels? adrenal gland hypothalamus parathyroid gland pituitary gland

What other two hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions What other two hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands? aldosterone and cortisol calcitonin and PTH estrogen and hGH oxytocin and ADH

How does this system maintain homeostasis through negative feedback? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions How does this system maintain homeostasis through negative feedback?

It combines the affects of two different endocrine glands. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems 35.3 Formative Questions It combines the affects of two different endocrine glands. It inhibits the affect of hormones other than ADH. It involves both the endocrine and nervous systems. It maintains a particular range of water volume in the blood.

Describe what causes heartburn. Chapter Assessment Questions Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions Describe what causes heartburn.

Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part of the stomach leaks, some of the acid moves into the esophagus causing heartburn.

Describe the function of the antidiuretic hormone. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions Describe the function of the antidiuretic hormone. absorb sodium raise blood glucose levels regulate water balance lower blood calcium

What is the primary function of the liver? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions What is the primary function of the liver?

produce enzymes produce hormones produce bile produce protein Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter Assessment Questions produce enzymes produce hormones produce bile produce protein

Which organ stores bile and releases it when needed? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Which organ stores bile and releases it when needed?

How does this structure aid in the digestive process? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice How does this structure aid in the digestive process?

It increases surface area. It mechanically digests food. Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice It increases surface area. It mechanically digests food. It secretes digestive enzymes. It traps foreign particles.

People should minimize their intake of Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice True or False People should minimize their intake of foods that contain cellulose because humans cannot digest cellulose.

Which types of fats are found in corn oil and olive oil? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Which types of fats are found in corn oil and olive oil? saturated fats unsaturated fats

Why does the body need vitamins? Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Why does the body need vitamins? They provide energy. They are used to build cells. They help enzymes to function. They recycle nutrient molecules.

Which hormone is more likely to be secreted by the pancreas during Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Standardized Test Practice Which hormone is more likely to be secreted by the pancreas during intense exercise? glucagon insulin

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary mechanical digestion liver chemical digestion Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Vocabulary Section 1 mechanical digestion chemical digestion amylase esophagus peristalsis pepsin small intestine liver villus large intestine

Section 2 Vocabulary nutrition Calorie vitamin mineral Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Vocabulary Section 2 nutrition Calorie vitamin mineral

Section 3 Vocabulary endocrine gland glucagon hormone aldosterone Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Vocabulary Section 3 endocrine gland hormone pituitary gland thyroxine calcitonin parathyroid hormone insulin glucagon aldosterone cortisol antidiuretic hormone

Smooth Muscle Contraction Steroid Hormone Stimulation Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Animation Smooth Muscle Contraction Steroid Hormone Stimulation Amino Acid Hormone Stimulation Visualizing the Endocrine System