The OSHA e-tool electrical safety presentation was used to create this presentation Employees must be trained concerning Electrical Safety as required under that pertain to their respective job assignments.

Maintenance Supervision Mechanics and Maintenance Workers Engineers Equipment Operators Crane Operators Riggers Material Handlers IT Technicians

Describe how electricity works Describe how shocks occur Describe how electrical current effects the body Describe the most common ways individuals are injured using electricity Provide solutions to avoid being injured while using electricity

Operating an electrical switch can be likened to turning on a water faucet. Behind both a faucet and an electrical switch there is a source of water/electricity, a way to transport it, and pressure to make it flow. A faucet's water source is a reservoir or pumping station. A switch's electrical source is a power generating station, which provides pressure for electrical current to travel through conductors. Three factors determine the resistance of a substance to the flow of electricity. 1. What it is made of 2. Its size 3. Its temperature

Substances with very little resistance to the flow of electrical current are called conductors. Examples are metals and tap water. Substances with such a high resistance that they can be used to prevent the flow of electrical current are called insulators. Examples are glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood. Note: Although dry wood is a poor conductor, when saturated with water it becomes a ready conductor. Use extreme caution when working with electricity where there is water in the environment or on the skin.

Wet conditions are common during low-voltage electrocutions. Under dry conditions, human skin is very resistant. Wet skin dramatically drops the body's resistance. Dry Conditions: Current = Volts/Ohms = 120/100,000 = 1mAa barely perceptible level of current Wet conditions: Current = Volts/Ohms = 120/1,000 = 120mA sufficient current to cause ventricular fibrillation High voltage electrical energy greatly reduces the body's resistance by quickly breaking down human skin. Once the skin is punctured, the lowered resistance results in massive current flow. Ohm's law in use: At 1,000 volts, Current = Volts/Ohms = 1,000/500 = 2 Amps which can cause cardiac standstill and serious damage to internal organs.

Electricity travels in closed circuits, normally through a conductor. Shock results when the body becomes part of the electrical circuit; current enters the body at one point and leaves at another. Note: Ground circuits provide a path for stray current to pass directly to the ground, and greatly reduce the amount of current passing through the body of a person in contact with a tool or machine that has an electrical short. Properly installed, the grounding conductor provides protection from electric shock. Did you know? ~350 Electrical-Related Fatalities Occur Each Year

Current Human Reaction (Amps) Extreme pain, Respiratory Arrest, severe muscular contractions. Ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest, severe burns and likely death (Women) (Men) Perception level. Just a faint tingle. Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average individual can let go. Painful shock, muscular control is lost. This is called the freezing current or "let-go" range.

When muscular contraction caused by stimulation does not allow the victim to free himself from the circuit, even relatively low voltages can be extremely dangerous, because the degree of injury increases with the length of time the body is in the circuit. LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT IMPLY LOW HAZARD! An exposure of 100mA for 3 seconds can cause the same amount of damage as an exposure of 900mA for.03 seconds

The most common shock-related injury is a burn. Burns suffered in electrical incidents may be one or more of the following three types:  Electrical Burns cause tissue damage, and are the result of heat generated by the flow of electric current through the body. Electrical burns are one of the most serious injuries you can receive and need to receive immediate medical attention.  High temperatures near the body produced by an electric arc or explosion cause Arc or Flash Burns (also need prompt medical attention)  Thermal Contact Burns occur when skin comes in contact with overheated electric equipment, or when clothing is ignited in an electrical incident. Note: the graphic pictures were not included. But if you would still like to view them click

Our bodies use small electrical currents to transmit signals through the nervous system and contract muscles, but extra electrical current flowing through the body can cause serious damage. Medical problems can include internal bleeding, tissue destruction, and nerve or muscle damage. Internal injuries may not be immediately apparent to the victim or observers; however, left untreated, they can result in death.

Muscles violently contract when stimulated by excessive amounts of electricity. These involuntary contractions can damage muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and may even cause broken bones. If the victim is holding an electrocuting object, hand muscles may contract, making it impossible to drop the object. Note: injury or death may result from a fall due to muscle contractions.

Fatalities occur when equipment, such as that listed below, contacts energized power lines: Aluminum paint rollers Excavation equipment Concrete pumpers Cranes Long-handled cement finishing floats Building materials Ladders Tent Poles Scaffolding

Locate power lines in your work area before you begin working Prior to digging, call 811 to have utilities identify and mark any buried lines. Keep yourself and all objects at least 10- feet away from all energized power lines. Have power lines de-energized and grounded prior to beginning your work. Use non-conductive ladders (fiberglass) and other tools.

A ground-fault occurs when current flowing to the load (drill, saw, etc.) does not return by the prescribed route. In a simple 120 volt circuit, current travels through the black (ungrounded) wire to the load and returns to the source through the white (grounded) wire. If some or all of the current does not travel back through the white wire then it has gone somewhere else, usually to ground. A persons body can act as the path to ground when a fault occurs.

1.Using a double insulated drill (no ground pin) in a wet location. Water enters the drill housing and current flows through the water and user, and then back to its source. 2.An individual with moist hands is electrocuted while winding up a damaged extension cord when their skin contacts exposed wiring in the extension cord. Use GFCI’s for protection against ground-faults (see following slides)

The ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) works by comparing the amount of current going to and returning from equipment along the circuit conductors. When the amount going differs from the amount returning by approximately 5 the GFCI interrupts the current within as little as 1/40 of a second. The ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) works by comparing the amount of current going to and returning from equipment along the circuit conductors. When the amount going differs from the amount returning by approximately 5 milliamperes, the GFCI interrupts the current within as little as 1/40 of a second.milliamperes Note: A GFCI will not protect you from line contact hazards (i.e. a person holding two "hot" wires, a hot and a neutral wire in each hand, or contacting an overhead power line). However, it protects against the most common form of electrical shock hazard, the ground-fault. It also protects against fires, overheating, and destruction of wire insulation.

Use ground-fault circuit interrupters () on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles that will be used to supply temporary power (i.e. hand tools and other portable equipment). Use ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles that will be used to supply temporary power (i.e. hand tools and other portable equipment).GFCIs -- Portable GFCIs like this one are available for situations where GFCI protection is not otherwise provided- Important - Plug this end directly into the electrical source, not another flexible cord. Follow manufactures recommended testing procedure to insure GFCI’s are working correctly

If the power supply to the electrical equipment at your site is not grounded or the path has been broken, fault current may travel t hrough a worker's body. grounded Do not remove the ground pin from a plug (even to fit an ungrounded outlet). Doing so not only means your work area is unsafe, but makes the cord unfit for future work where grounding is needed. Do Not Use Plug Adaptors To Bypass Grounded Circuits

Ground all power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment. Do not remove ground pins/prongs from cord- and plug- connected equipment or extension cords. Use double-insulated tools.double-insulated tools Ground all exposed metal parts of equipment. Ground metal parts of the following non-electrical equipment, as specified by OSHA standard [ (f)(7)(v)]: (f)(7)(v) Frames and tracks of electrically operated cranes and hoist. Frames of non-electrically driven elevator cars to which electric conductors are attached. Hand-operated metal shifting ropes or cables of electric elevators. Metal partitions, grill work, and similar metal enclosures around equipment of over 1kV between conductors.

If electrical equipment is used in ways for which it is not designed, you can no longer depend on safety features built in by the manufacturer. This may damage property and cause employee injuries or worse Shock, fire, loss of life and property? Note: These type junction boxes must be properly mounted.

X Using multi-receptacle boxes designed to be mounted by fitting them with a power cord and placing them on the floor. X Fabricating extension cords with ROMEX® wire. X Using equipment outdoors that is labeled for use only in dry, indoor locations. X Using circuit breakers or fuses with the wrong rating for over- current protection, e.g. using a 30-amp breaker in a system with 15- or 20-amp receptacles (protection is lost because it will not trip when the system's load has been exceeded). X Using modified cords or tools, e.g., removing face plates, insulation, etc. X Using cords or tools with worn insulation or exposed wire. REMEMBER - ONLY USE EQUIPMENT IN A MANNER PRESCRIBED BY THE MANUFACTURER

Note: A common OSHA Violation Temporary wiring must not be used in lieu of permanent wiring Multi-outlet surge protection such as this can be used to supply power to equipment that needs surge protection, but not used to provide more outlets due to the lack of permanent wiring. In the first picture flexible cords are being used in lieu of permanent wiring. They have been there so long they have been painted over. Also has an adapter in-line. Extension type cords that are not 3-wire type, not designed for hard-usage, or that have been modified, increase your risk of contacting electrical current, and must not be used at COB.

Only use factory-assembled cord sets (Molded Plug). Only use factory-assembled cord sets (Molded Plug). Use only extension cords that have a ground wire (3- wire type). Use only extension cords that have a ground wire (3- wire type). Use only extension cords that are marked with a designation code S, ST, SO, and STO for hard service, and SJ, SJO, SJT, and SJTO for junior hard service. Use only extension cords that are marked with a designation code S, ST, SO, and STO for hard service, and SJ, SJO, SJT, and SJTO for junior hard service. Use only cords, connection devices, and fittings that are equipped with strain relief. Use only cords, connection devices, and fittings that are equipped with strain relief. Remove cords from receptacles by pulling on the plugs, not the cords. Remove cords from receptacles by pulling on the plugs, not the cords. Remove from service flexible cords that have been modified or damaged. Remove from service flexible cords that have been modified or damaged. Never run cords through walls or door frames. Never run cords through walls or door frames.

Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use.Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use. Remove any equipment with frayed cords,Remove any equipment with frayed cords, missing ground prongs, cracked tool casings,missing ground prongs, cracked tool casings, etc. from service.etc. from service. Apply a warning tag to any defective tool andApply a warning tag to any defective tool and do not use it until it has been properly repaired.do not use it until it has been properly repaired.

Ground all power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment. Frequently inspect electrical systems to insure that the path to ground is continuous. Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use. Take & Tag any defective equipment out of service and report it. Do not remove ground prongs from cord and plug connected equipment or extension cords. Use double-insulated tools.double-insulated tools Ground all exposed metal parts of equipment. Never open electrical panels or equipment unless you are trained and authorized to do so.

Should a portion of your job require you to actually work on and test electrical systems and components, then you will also need to be trained in the following course: NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces -- A Operational Guide for Protection Against Shock and Arc Flash If you are certified as a Crane Operator or Signalperson, you will also need the course: Powerline Safety for Crane Operators

Old R RR Reddy says: “Always respect electricity and never use damaged equipment” If you have questions please contact the City of Burlington, Director of Safety (336) Please sign the training roster upon completion.