Leisure, Sport and Tourism: Politics, Policy and Planning A.J. Veal Chapter 1 Introduction

Definitions Leisure: 'relatively freely undertaken non-work activity' (Roberts, 1978: 3) Sport: 'a recreational activity requiring bodily exertion and carried on according to a set of rules' (Oxford Pocket English Dictionary) Tourism: 'the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence' (Mathieson & Wall, 1982: 1).

Fig. 1.1 Leisure, sport and tourism: overlaps Leisure: Home-based leisure Local arts/entertainment Local social activity Children’s play Tourism Business tourism Holidays Holiday activities Sport Local sport Sport tourism

Figure 1.2. Leisure, sport, tourism and geography Local area Local leisure/sport Hinterland Day-trips Rest of country Domestic tourism Rest of the world International tourism

Fig. 1.3 Planning environments (a) Single site (b) Urban environment Leisure facility Planning area boundary Visitor/tourist arrivals Built-up area

Fig. 1.3 Planning environments contd (c ) Urban-rural region A (d) Urban-rural region B (e) Tourist destination

Government involvement in leisure, sport, tourism provision: examples Urban and national parks Many sports facilities and events Arts facilities, organisations and events Public broadcasting Natural and cultural heritage Tourism promotion

Government in the Sport sector (Table 1.1) Promotion/provision –Subsidy/funding to sporting bodies –Direct provision of sport facilities/services (usually subsidised) Regulation/control/prohibition –Sports drug-testing –Animal treatment regulations –Banning of cruel sports –Prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs

Govt in the Outdoor/environment/heritage sector (Table 1.1 contd) Promotion/provision –Provision of parks and playgrounds –Ownership and conservation of natural and historic assets Regulation/control/prohibition –Protective conservation and planning law –Protection of rare species –Export bans on native species/heritage

Govt in the Arts/broadcasting sector ( Table 1.1 contd) Promotion/provision –Subsidy/funding to arts bodies/artists –Direct provision of cultural facilities/services (usually subsidised) –Public broadcasting Regulation/control/prohibition –Copyright and moral rights laws and regulations –Licensing of broadcasters –Export bans on art heritage –Censorship of literature, films/videos

Govt in the Social Activities sector (Table 1.1 contd) Promotion/provision –Some direct provision (eg. sea-fronts, picnic sites, community centres) Regulation/control/prohibition –Alcohol licensing/taxation –Prohibition of recreational drugs –Gambling licensing/taxation –Prostitution/brothels control

Govt in the Tourism sector (Table 1.1 contd) Promotion/provision –Funding of tourism marketing –Ownership/conservation/provision/marketing of natural, heritage, arts facilities/services. Regulation/control/prohibition –Government trade missions/embassies –Airline/air-traffic regulation –Immigration/passports –Anti-sex tourism legislation

Govt in All sectors (Table 1.1 contd) Promotion/provision –Training/education –Research funding –Charitable status –General enabling legislation for local councils Regulation/control/prohibition –Safety regulations individual/crowd/venues –Town/country planning –Noise regulations

The state and LST: International (Table 1.2) Activities –International airline regulation –Hosting international sporting contests –Environmental/heritage agreements Organisations –International Air Transport Association (IATA) –International Olympic Committee (IOC) –International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

The state and LST: National (Table 1.2 contd) Activities –Tourism promotion/marketing –Support of elite sport –Licensing of broadcasting –Provision of national parks Organisations –National tourism commissions –National sports councils/commissions –Broadcasting regulatory bodies –National Parks departments/commissions

The state and LST: Regional (Table 1.2 contd) Activities –Planning and provision of regionally significant parks, sporting and arts facilities Organisations –States/provinces (in federal systems) – Counties – Ad hoc regions

The state and LST: Local (Table 1.2 contd) Activities –Planning and provision of parks and sporting and arts facilities Organisations –Local councils and boards/committees

The state and LST: Single facility (Table 1.2 contd) Activities –Development and operation of a single leisure facility/programme Organisations –Any of levels 2-4 above

Govt expenditure on leisure: England (Table 1.3)

Govt expenditure on leisure: Australia (Table 1.3)

Social/political/economic/management framework (Fig. 1.4) People Community Organisations Governments Not-for-profits Private companies Services/ Facilities/ Attractions THE ENVIRONMENT Socio-political link

Perspective of the book Functionalist –Western liberal democracies can operate, more-or-less smoothly Social democratic (see Ch. 2) –Basically capitalist economy, but with a strong state sector to provide services manage the economy