Colonization and Conflict in the North, Chapter 4

Colonization & Conflict in the North  France in North America  Founding of New England  Stability and Order  Mid-Atlantic Colonies  Adjustments to Empire

France in North America  Origins  French and Indians  Canada  The Mississippi River

The French in North America Weak empire Less interest Trade Few colonists Catholic Samuel de Champlain 1607 Quebec Indian alliances Hurons

Religion Catholic Jesuits (blackrobes) Syncretism Kateri Tekakwitha -Mohawk woman -Catholic -Saint in 20 th c.

The Fur-Trade Trappers & traders -Lived with Indians -Learned Native languages -Married Native women *Metis -Indian women did most work -Trappers sold skins and hides

Indians and Empires (Beaver Wars)  French trade alliances with the Hurons  Hurons supplied beaver pelts and skins/furs to the French  Dutch and British moved into New York region, seeking trade with Indians  Iroquois Confederacy and Hurons were previous competitors  Iroquois moved into fur trade, conflicted with Hurons  Disease and war killed most Hurons, Iroquois took over much fur trade  Dutch and British competed over fur trade with Iroquois

The French and the Mississippi River  The experience with the Hurons taught French not to rely too much on one Native group  Also needed to expand for political purposes  Explored down the Mississippi River in late 1600s  Trade alliances with Illinois, Shawnees, Quapaws  Uneasy peace with the Iroquois  Thin but large French trading empire

Founding of New England  Growing concern about the size of the French trading empire  Seemed less important than southern colonies and Caribbean, in terms of raw materials and goods to take to Britain  British colonization of New England grew out of political and religious problems in England rather than the search for colonies to produce wealth for the Crown

British Religious Politics  King James (of King James Bible fame) wanted to purge England of radical Protestants known as Puritians who attacked the Anglican Church…which he created to replace the Catholic Church, which he could not control and which refused to annul his marriage….  Puritans mainly followed ideas of John Calvin, and sought a “purer” version of Christianity, uncorrupted by the money and politics of the Anglican Church  Separatists formed out of Puritan groups and decided the Church was too corrupt to reform, so the left to the colonies…

Plymouth Colony 1620 ’ s -New England, Mass -Puritans split from Anglican Church -Separatists thought Church was corrupt and left Europe -Pilgrims specific group to land in Plymouth, MA to establish a colony of “true believers” -John Winthrop, “A City Upon a Hill”

Plymouth, Mass

Continuing conflict I. Plymouth Colony and William Bradford II. Mayflower Compact A. No legal basis for government, land claims III. Wampanoag territory A. Natives help them survive B. Samoset, Squanto, Massasoit VI. Land loss and death

Massachusetts Bay Colony I. Offshoot of Plymouth A. Joint-Stock Company B. Expansion into Pequot Land C. “Religious War of extermination” II. Pequot War and the Treaty of Hartford, 1638

The Pequot War

Pequot’s Revenge: Foxwoods Resort

Colonialism & Colony  A policy by which a nation maintains or extends its control over foreign groups.  Exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country  A group of emigrants or their descendants who settle in a distant territory but remain subject to or closely associated with the parent country.  A territory thus settled.  A region politically controlled by a distant country; a dependency

Map of British Colonies

New England Social Characteristics  Small settlements  Families settled  Child labor  Cities & schools  Religious intolerance

New England Economic and Political  Mixed economies  Small farms  Fishing  Manufacturing  Town government  No separation between church and state

Religious Beliefs  Christians  Protestants  Puritans  Pilgrims (Plymouth colonists, Mayflower)  Strict hierarchies, church and state, rigid gender roles

Roger Williams and Massachusetts

Roger Williams  Minister  Reject Church of England  Separate Church and State  Indian policy reform  Banishment  Established Rhode Island

Trial of Anne Hutchinson  Boston, 1634  Midwife and mother  Home meetings  Questioned ministers  Gender roles  Banished for Sedition

The Middle Colonies Proprietary Colonies New York (1670’s) (NJ) A. Diversity 1. Economic 2. Immigration 3. Ethnic/religious

Pennsylvania II. Established in 1680s A. William Penn (Quaker) B. Religious freedom C. Civil liberties D. Indian policy

Comparisons between Empires 1600s  France: Fur trade, Jesuits, weak empire, Indian alliances, dependency  British: Late arrivals; full colonization; hostile Indian relations; conformity & exclusion  Spain: Full colonization, presidios, missions, labor, big empire, powerful state, inclusion of Indians into society