America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 10 A Democratic Revolution 1800–1844 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810 – 1828 A. The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of Parties 1. The Rise of Democracy 2. Parties Take Command

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828 B. The Election of The Republican Party a. Broke into competing factors after the War of 1812 b. five candidates came forward for the 1824 election: 1. John Quincy Adams (Sec. of State) 2. John C. Calhoun (Sec. of War) 3. William H. Crawford (Sec. of the Treasury) 4. Rep. Henry Clay (KY) 5. Sen. Andrew Jackson (TN). c. When the caucus Republicans in Congress selected Crawford, the other four appealed directly to voters d. each man found support in different parts of the country and among varying constituents. 2. Andrew Jackson

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810– Andrew Jackson a. Was a celebrated war hero (War of 1812) b. married into an influential Tennessee family c. He was a lawyer and slave owner, he had a reputation as a “plain solid republican” d. though he received the most electoral votes, there was no absolute majority e. vote went to Congress and J. Q. Adams was chosen.

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828 C. The Last Notable President: John Quincy Adams 1. The Fate of Adams’s Policies a. Adams had endorsed Henry Clay’s American System and its three key elements: 1) protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing, 2) federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce, and 3) national bank to control credit and provide a uniform currency. b. Northeasterners and Midwesterners supported Adams, but little support in the South--some politicians opposed these ideas on constitutional grounds c. Jeffersonian Republicans opposed the majority of Adams’s policies.

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810– The Tariff Battle a. Adams advocated high import tariffs on English cotton cloth so that New Englanders could dominate the market b. The Tariff of 1828 raised duties on raw materials, textiles, iron goods and angered southerners who saw increases in the prices of manufactures despite their monopoly on cotton c. southerners blamed Adams for the tariffs (despite support by Van Buren, Jackson, and others) and criticized his overly sympathetic policy towards Native Americans d. Americans saw Adams as aloof, overly moral, and paternalistic--Adams did not “run” for reelection in 1828 but “stood” for it.

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828 D. “The Democracy” and the Election of “Democrats” a. Van Buren ran Jackson’s campaign b. organized massive publicity campaign with newspapers and public meetings; called themselves “Democrats” or “the Democracy.” 2. Equal rights and popular rule a. Democrats argued that they were fighting for equality for the people--achieved mass national appeal b. increased participation at the polls with more than half of eligible voters participating in the election c. some wealthy Americans feared Jackson’s popularity and decried the unruly crowd in the White House on Inauguration Day.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 A. Jackson’s Agenda: Rotation and Decentralization 1. “Kitchen Cabinet” a. Jackson relied primarily on his so-called Kitchen Cabinet b. This was a small group of advisors who helped him make policy 2. Patronage a. Used to instill party loyalty and discipline b. rewarded friends at home with government jobs, believing this to be his right as “victor” c. opposed government intervention in economic development d. vetoed or rejected plans for national subsidies of transportation initiatives and internal improvements, including extension of the National Road.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 B. The Tariff and Nullification 1. The Tariff of 1828 a. Opposition to tariffs continued in the South; b. slaveholders in South Carolina criticized the tariff, arguing for lower rates c. wanted to keep public discussion away from British decision to end slavery in the West Indies in 1833.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829– South Carolina and “nullification” a. South Carolina adopted an Ordinance of Nullification in November 1832 b. declared the 1828 and 1832 tariffs null and void in the state-- threatened to secede if the government tried to force collection--argued that protective tariffs were illegitimate c. Jackson wanted a middle ground but believed the Constitution gave the federal government the power to establish tariffs; d. declared SC’s Ordinance of Nullification a violation of the Constitution e. Jackson was granted power by Congress to use military means to end the standoff with SC if needed; SC gave up.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 C. The Bank War 1. Jackson’s Bank Veto a. When the 2 nd BUS sought a new charter, Jackson vetoed the re-chartering, condemned the bank as “subversive” and “dangerous to the liberties of the people”; 2. The Bank Destroyed a. Early in 1833, the head of Treasury Department withdrew the federal government’s gold and silver from the Second Bank and deposited it in various state banks b. tense political debate ensued c. in 1836, Jackson did not renew the Second Bank’s national charter.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 D. Indian Removal 1. Cherokee Resistance a. White peoples’ demand for land continued to push native peoples westward b. Cherokees were one of many groups adopting white culture--many were mixed blood and some were slave owners; 2. The Removal Act and Its Aftermath a. Indian Removal Act of 1830 was challenged by evangelical Protestants but passed the House narrowly b. created the Indian Territory outside the western boundaries of the states-- promised money and land to those who would give up their lands east of the Mississippi River; violence erupted in some areas c. Cherokees challenged their removal to the Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)--Court sided with Cherokees against the state d. in 1835, U.S. government signed Treaty of New Echota with a minority faction of Cherokee and forced removal began in 1838 e. “Trail of Tears”: approx. 3,000 Cherokee died of starvation and exposure on the 1,200-mile hike to Indian Territory.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 E. The Jacksonian Impact 1. The Taney Court a. Taney served a long tenure as chief justice (1835– 1864); b. was an advocate of states’ rights and free enterprise; c. enhanced the regulatory role of state governments; d. Mayor of New York v. Miln (1837) ruled the state could use “police power” to inspect the health of arriving immigrants. 2. States Revise Their Constitutions a. Throughout the country, Democrats called for new conventions (in 20 states) to write new state constitutions b. mandated election of public officials, justices of the peace, judges, and sheriffs c. new constitutions embodied the principles of classical liberalism, or laissez-faire, by limiting the government’s role in the economy.

A. The Whig Worldview 1. Calhoun’s Dissent 2. Anti-Masons Become Whigs III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System

B. Labor Politics and the Depression of 1837– Workers form a political party a. In 1828, Philadelphia artisans and workers organized Working Men’s Party, which spread to 15 states by convinced Pennsylvania legislature to authorize tax-supported schools b. the parties’ weakness in statewide elections took a toll and by the mid-1830s, most politically active workers had joined the Democratic Party. 2. Financial panic and economic depression a. The Panic of 1837 resulted from a drop in money flowing from Britain to the U.S.; cotton (and other) prices dropped significantly b. by 1843, U.S. was in a depression: canal construction down 90 %, prices and wages fell nearly 50 %, unemployment reached almost 20 % in some sectors; unions virtually disappeared.

C. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” 1. The Log Cabin Campaign a. Public blamed Democrats for economic problems, especially Van Buren; b. Whigs held first national convention in 1840; William Henry Harrison (OH) nominated for president, John Tyler (VA) for VP. c. Harrison was a hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and War of 1812, was 68 years old, and had little political experience d. “log cabin campaign”—both parties competing for votes through songs, parades, mass meetings, and lots of negative campaigning; Harrison won 53 percent of popular vote. 2. Tyler Subverts the Whig Agenda a. Harrison died of pneumonia after one month in office; Tyler’s politics supported the Democrats more than Whigs III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System