In this lecture, we will learn about: Clinical Linguistics Educational Linguistics.

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Presentation transcript:

In this lecture, we will learn about: Clinical Linguistics Educational Linguistics

What is Clinical Linguistics? Clinical Linguistics is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics and involves the application of linguistic theory to the field of Speech-Language Pathology. In other words, the central focus of Clinical Linguistics is the application of the principles and methods of linguistics and phonetics to communication impairment (weakness) in children and adults. The application involves the linguist working in cooperation with the speech pathologist/therapist, audiologist and others in helping to assess, diagnose and remediate disorders of the production and comprehension of spoken and written language- disorders which may of course occur in educational as well as clinical settings.

اللغويات الطبية او العلاجية : هي فرع من اللغويات التطبيقية وتهتم بتطبيق النظريات اللغوية في علاج مشاكل اللغة في علم الامراض. او بكلمات اخرى هو العلم الذي يهتم بتطبيق النظريات اللغوية في علاج مشاكل النطق وضعف التواصل لدى الاطفال والكبار. وليتم تطبيق هذا العلم العلاجي وتقييم وعلاج الشخص المقصود لابد من تعاون كل من الطبيب المعالج وعالم لغوي وكذلك عالم متخصص بالاصوات ليستطيعوا جميعا ان يقَيموا ويشخصوا مشاكل النطق لدى المريض ويساعدوه بالوصول للطريقة الصحيحة في النطق والكتابة.

As well as being a core subject in the education of speech and language therapists, clinical linguistics is also interesting and valuable for students of the linguistic sciences generally. In the UK the key figure in the emergence of clinical linguistics as an independent discipline was David Crystal, and a number of publications by him and his colleagues still provide a valuable introduction to the area for students.

Although linguists have long applied their science to a variety of language problems, Clinical Linguistics did not emerge as an independent discipline until the publication of Crystal’s influential Clinical Linguistics in Despite its youth, this specialist area has quickly evolved into a highly productive field of inquiry. From its inception, Clinical Linguistics has had a strong international presence. The field is interdisciplinary, with relevance to theoretical and applied linguistics, speech and language therapy, psychology, and education.>> على الرغم من استخدام اللغويين لعلم اللغويات العلاجية في علاج بعض مشاكل النطق والتعرف عليها. لكن هذا العلم لم يظهر كعلم مستقل الا في وقت متأخر من العام 1981 على يد ديفيد كريستال. وعلى الرغم من ظهوره المتأخر الا انه اكتسب ظهورا واسعا نظرا لاهميته وتداخله مع علوم اخرى كعلم النفس واللغويات التطبيقية والنظرية وعلاج اللغة والتعليم.

Where Crystal originally saw clinical linguistics as having primarily a clinical role in supporting the work of speech and language therapists, more recent interpretations of the term have stressed the two-way direction of influence: clinical linguistic analysis can support the SLT (Second Language Teaching) in assessing and treating individuals with communication impairments, but of equal importance, clinical linguistic data is a valuable tool in the critical evaluation of competing linguistic theories and methodologies.>> صحيح انه كريستال اعتبر هذا العلم مهم في علاج الاشخاص الذين يعانون من مشاكل النطق وضعف اللغة. لكن هذا العلم ايضا له اهمية من ناحيتين اخريتين وهما : اولا المساعدة في تعليم واكتساب لغة ثانية. ثانيا : البيانات المتوفرة من نتائج هذا العلم توفر فرصة واداة للمساعدة في تقييم النظريات اللغوية المنافسة ومدى جدواها في علاج الناس.

For students of linguistics, clinical linguistics has valuable things to say about a number of key issues: how language develops in childhood?; how it is processed, stored and produced by the brain?; how it may fail to develop and how it may go wrong later in life? A central issue for linguistics students is the notion of normal language and its relationship with language variation. But its consideration of atypical language data, and its perspective on the continuum of normal to atypical (not common) language behaviour, clinical linguistics provides a perspective on what is normal and how one might set about making judgments of normality and normal variation.>> الشرح في الشريحة التالية

من اهم المشاكل الي بتواجه طلاب قسم اللغة, انو ايش هي اللغة الصحيحة وكيف الشكل الطبيعي والصحيح من اللغة وايش علاقة اللغة باللهجات ومين اللهجة الاصح استخدامها ؟؟ عشان نجاوب على هذي الاسئلة نقدر نقول انو قسم اللغويات التطبيقية بيساعدنا كتير في هالمجال. طيب كيف؟ هذا العلم بيساعدنا في انه نحدد ايش هي طريقة النطق السليم للاحرف والكلمات. وذلك من خلال البيانات المهمة الي موجودة في هذا العلم. لانه بما انه بيهتم بعلاج الاشخاص الي عندهم ضعف في الكلام والنطق, يبقى البيانات والمعلومات المسجلة في هذا العلم بتوضح لنا ايش هي طرق النطق الصحيح وايش هي الاخطاء الي ممكن تواجه الناس في النطق. ومن خلال هذي المعلومات انا كطالب لغويات استطيع افهم كيف احكم على لهجات الناس ولغاتهم واحدد ايش هو النطق الصحيح وايش هو النطق الخاطئ.

Clinical linguistics can be introduced into the curriculum of linguistic sciences degrees in two main ways. Firstly, it can be integrated into the modules on different levels of language (e.g. phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, etc.), which form a core part of many degrees in linguistic sciences. Just as sociolinguistic, historical, developmental and crosslinguistic material provides useful illustrations of how speech and language work, so examples from atypical language behaviour can also effectively illuminate aspects of linguistic theory. Clinical linguistic data can also be used in the critical evaluation of competing linguistic theories, adding to our understanding about which structures are fundamental to language, and providing evidence about the nature of speech and language processing.

من الممكن انو علم اللغة العلاجي يدخل في مناهج قسم اللغة بطريقتين رئيسيتين : اولا ممكن نضيف هذا العلم بحيث ندمجه مع علوم اللغويات الاساسية مثل : النحو والصرف والصوتيات وعلم المعاني وغيره. وبهذي الطريقة راح يدخل في صلب دراستنا للغة. الطريقة الثانية انو من خلال البيانات والمعلومات الي موجودة في هذا العلم والي بتعطينا طريقة النطق الصحيحة ومشاكل اللغة, نقدر نستفيد من هذا العلم في انه نقيم النظريات اللغوية واستخدامها وكيف نقدر نوصل للشكل الصحيح والامثل من استخدام اللغه.

The Clinical Linguistics literature has been especially selective, appearing in diverse scientific and professional publications. Many of these sources have limited circulation, a fact that challenges individuals and research libraries to maintain a comprehensive collection. >> بالنسبة للمعلومات المنشورة عن هذا العلم في الكتب. نقدر نقول انو هذا العلم كتبوا عنه الباحثين في عدة حقول وعدة مجالات. منها منشورات عن اللغة ومنها كتب عن العلاج ومجالات عديدة اخرى. عشان كذا صعب نقدر نجمع المعلومات عن هذا العلم لانه متفرقة في عدة اماكن. Clinical linguistics plays a key role in the description, analysis and remediation of communication impairment. The study of linguistic aspects of communication development and disorder is also of relevance to linguistic theory and our understanding of language more generally.

Communication impairments which have been the focus of current or recent investigation include:>> اسماء الامراض الي ممكن تسبب ضعف اللغة هي كالتالي : 1- Autism.>> التوحد 2- Cleft palate.>> الحنك المشقوق او الشفة الارنبية. الاشخاص الي عندهم هذي المشكلة او العيب الخلقي“ صعب عليهم نطق بعض الاصوات وبالتالي يطلع بعض كلامهم مو مفهوم“ 3- Developmental speech and language disorders.> اضطرابات اللغة 4- Traumatic brain injury.>> اصابات الدماغ. مثل الجلطات او الحوادث او غيرها 5- Williams syndrome.>>متلازمة ويليامز وتتميز بمشاكل في الجهاز العصبي ونمو الدماغ وبالتالي ينشأ عنها صعوبة في الكلام والنطق.

What is Educational Linguistics? The second major field of applied linguistics is Educational Linguistics. It is an area of study that integrates the research tools of linguistics and other related disciplines of the social sciences in order to investigate the broad range of issues related to language and education with the aim of presenting advice in these fields. As an area of inquiry, educational linguistics is young. It started in the early 1970s with the work of Bernard Spolsky. The history of educational linguistics is linked to applied linguistics, with which it continues to have a symbiotic relationship.

تعريف اللغويات التعليمية : هي ثاني فرع من فروع الابلايد وهو عبارة عن علم تندمج فيه اللغويات مع التخصصات الاجتماعية المختلفة ليتعرفوا على مشاكل اللغة والتعلم ويصلوا بعدها الى حلول ونصائح بشأنها. علم اللغويات التعليمية علم جديد على الساحة وظهر في عام 1970 على يد العالم برنارد سبولسكي. وهذا العلم متداخل بشكل كبير وابتدأ ظهوره مع الابلايد فهو مرتبط به بشكل كبير

Educational Linguistics is dedicated to innovative studies of language use and language learning in educational settings worldwide. It provides a forum for work that crosses traditional boundaries between theory and practice, between micro and macro, and between native, second and foreign language education. At the same time, educational linguistics directly focuses on language and education.> اللغويات التعليمية تركز بشكل اساسي على عملية تعلم اللغة واستخدام اللغة. ونحاول في هذا العلم ان نتجاوز الحدود بين النظرية والتطبيق واللغة الام واللغة الثانية الاجنبية. يعني هذا العلم بشكل اساسي يساعد في علمية اكتساب اللغات وتعلمها About ten years later the term is used in Britain for the first time as “a label for serious intellectual and academic activity” in naming the School of Applied Linguistics.