3What are the likely consequences if ecosystems continue to be damaged? Beth ydy’r canlyniadau tebygol os ydy ecosystemau yn parhau i gael eu difrodi?

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3What are the likely consequences if ecosystems continue to be damaged? Beth ydy’r canlyniadau tebygol os ydy ecosystemau yn parhau i gael eu difrodi? 3.1 What is the evidence that ecosystems are being used unsustainably? 3.1 Beth ydy’r tystiolaeth bod ecosystemau’n cael eu defnyddio’n anghynaliadwy? 3.2What are the local and global consequences of unsustainable ecosystem use on people and the environment? 3.2Beth ydy’r canlyniadau o ddefnydd ecosystemau anghynaliadwy ar bobl a’r amgylcheddol? Unit 2 Physical Options Uned 2 Opsiynau Ffisegol 9 Living Things Pethau Byw

Desertification – The extension of typical desert landscapes, landforms and processes to areas where they did not occur in the recent past. Such changes take place in arid zones bordering the deserts, in areas which experience average annual rainfalls of mm. - Definition taken from The Penguin Dictionary of Physical Geography (2000) Diffeithdiriad – Ymlediad tirluniau diffeithwch i ardaloedd tu hwnt i’r ardal bresennol. Mae hyn fel arfer yn digwydd mewn ardaloedd sy’n ffinio’r diffeithwch, gyda glawiad o mm y flwyddyn. - Diffiniad o The Penguin Dictionary of Physical Geography (2000) Example 1 -The Sahel Enghraifft 1 - Y Sahel

The Sahel region is an area which experiences desertification. Mae ardal y Sahel yn dioddef diffeithdiriad.

DesertificationDiffeithdiriad Causes of DesertificationAchosion diffeithdiriad There are 4 main factors in desertification Mae pedwar prif ffactor yn achosi diffeithdiriad Drought Sychder Over grazing Gorbori Over cultivation Gordrin y tir Using trees for fuel Defnyddio coed and shelter ar gyfer tanwydd a cysgod

Causes of Desertification Achosion diffeithdiriad 1950/60’s - above average rainfall, causing nomadic herders to settle and farmers to intensify agriculture.1950au/1960au – glawiad yn fwy nag arfer, gan achosi i ffermwyr sefydlog i ddwysau eu triniaeth a ffermwyr nomadig i setlo 1970’s - below average rainfall leading to extreme drought. Crops and animals die. Desert advances.1970au – glawiad yn is na’r cyfartaledd sy’n arwain at sychder. Cnydau ac anifeiliaid yn marw, y diffeithwch yn ymledu. SychderDrought Cyfnod hir heb lawA long period without rainfall Oherwydd hyn mae cnydau yn marwCauses crops to die Diffyg bwyd i bobl ac anifeiliaidLack of food for people and animals O bosib bydd pobl yn gorfod symud People may have to move to find food i gael hyd i fwyd

Overgrazing –Gorbori – too many animals grazing on the land gormod o anifeiliaid yn pori ar dir bregus – animals eat all the vegetation anifeiliaid yn bwyta’r glaswellt i gyd – vegetation fails to grow llystyfiant yn methu tyfu yn ôl – soil is exposed to rain and windpridd yn agored i glaw a gwynt – soil is washed or blown away.pridd yn cael ei olchi neu chwythu i ffwrdd Causes of Desertification Achosion diffeithdiriad

Overcultivation – – many crops being grown on the land year after year, – no rotation of crops, – crops take all the nutrients from the soil, – the soil becomes infertile and nothing can grow. – Because there are no crops to protect the soil the soil is again easily eroded by the wind and rain. Causes of DesertificationAchosion diffeithdiriad Gordriniaeth o’r tir – cnydau’n cael eu tyfu ar yr un tir blwyddyn ar ôl blwyddyn – dim cylchdroi cnydau, – cnydau’n cymryd maetholynnau allan o’r pridd – mae’r pridd yn dod i fod yn anffrwythlon a tydi cnydau ddim yn gallu tyfu. – Oherwydd does dim cnydau yn amddiffyn y pridd mae’r pridd yn agored i gael ei olchi neu chwythu i ffwrdd

Removal of trees for fuel and shelter – – There are few trees in the Sahel and their roots hold the soil together. – When the trees are removed for firewood or to build shelter the roots die and the soil becomes loose. – Yet again this means the soil can be easily blown or washed away. Causes of DesertificationAchosion diffeithdiriad Torri coed ar gyfer tanwydd a chysgod – – Does dim llawer o goed yn y Sahel ac mae eu gwreiddiau yn dal y pridd at ei gilydd – Pan mae’r coed yn cael eu torri ar gyfer tanwydd neu i adeiladu tŷ mae’r gwreiddiau yn marw a’r pridd yn dod yn rhydd. – Unwaith eto mae’r pridd yn agored i gael ei chwythu neu olchi i ffwrdd.

Why does the Sahel suffer from desertification? DESERTIFICATION Increase in population Increase in cattle Deforestation for fire wood Grassland grazed more intensively Roots no longer hold soil togetherRoots may be eaten as well as grass Leaves no longer protect soil from weather Less vegetation means less protection from weather Loose top soil blown away by wind (Soil Erosion) = Loose top soil blown away by wind (Soil Erosion) = DESERTIFICATION

Physical impacts of desertification Ardrawiadau ffisegol o ddiffeithdiriad Soil erosion.Erydiad pridd Sun baked, cracked soil. Pridd cras wedi hollti Loss of plants and animals. Colli planhigion ac anifeiliaid Gullying.Gwlïo Dry rivers.Afonydd wedi sychu Growth of desert.Diffeithwch yn ymledu Increase in sand storms.Mwy o stormydd tywod Flash floods.Fflachlifogydd

Human impacts of desertification Ardrawiad dynol diffeithdiriad Crops and cattle die, resulting in famine. Death. Migrants move to cities, resulting in the growth of informal settlements, shanties, in already massively overpopulated urban areas. Cnydau a gwartheg yn marw, yn golygu newyn Marwolaeth Mudwyr yn symud i’r dinasoedd, gan olygu llawer mwy o drefi sianti mewn dinasoedd efo gormod o bobl yn barod

Short Term SolutionsDatrysiadau tymor byr Refugee CampsGwersylloedd ffoaduriaid Medical AidCymorth meddygol Food and Clothing AidCymorth bwyd a dillad Things to Think About Pethau i’w meddwl amdanynt Where does the aid come from? Does the aid reach the people who need it? Advantages and disadvantages of refugee camps How long might people stay in these camps? What happens after the news story? O ble mae’r cymorth yn dod? Ydy’r cymorth yn cyrraedd y bobl sydd ei angen? Manteision ac anfanteision o wersylloeddd ffoaduriaid Pa mor hir mae pobl yn gorfod aros yn y gwersylloedd? Beth sy’n digwydd ar ôl y stori newyddion?

Long Term Solutions Datrysiadau tymor hir Fence off areas to prevent animals grazing there Introduce drought resistant crops e.g. millet Plant trees and bushes to provide cover for soil and stop it being blown or washed away Rotate crops and water them using irrigation techniques Build stone walls (bunds) to collect moisture Can you think of any other solutions? Cau ardaloedd i ffwrdd gyda ffensys i atal anifeiliaid rhag bori yno Cyflwyno cnydau sy’n gwrthsefyll sychder, e.e. miled Plannu coed a llwyni i roi cysgod i’r pridd a’i atal rhag gael ei chwythu neu olchi i ffwrdd Cylchdroi cnydau a’u dyfrhau Adeiladu waliau cerrig (byndiau) er mwyn casglu lleithder Fedrwch chi feddwl am unrhyw ddatrysiadau eraill?

Tackling desertification Datrys diffeithdiriad Plant Trees. Roots bind the soil together. Leaves provide shade, and intercept water. Cheap, long term. Provide fuel wood and building materials. Plannu coed Gwreiddiau yn dal y pridd at ei gilydd. Mae dail yn rhoi cysgod ac yn rhyngipio dŵr Rhad, tymor hir Yn rhoi tanwydd a deunyddiau adeiladu os defnyddir yn gynaliadwy

Terracing. Prevent rainfall from washing away topsoil and nutrients. Cheap to build, only man power needed. Terasu Yn atal glaw rhag olchi uwchbridd a maetholynnau i ffwrdd Rhad i’w adeiladu, ond llafur sydd ei angen Tackling desertification Datrys diffeithdiriad

Magic Stones. (Bunds) Similar to terracing, stones are placed along contours. Topsoil can not be washed past the stones. Water infiltrates, instead of running over the surface. Cheap to build, only man power needed. Effective, shown to increase yields by 50%. Byndiau Tebyg i derasau, rhoddir cerrig mewn llinell ar hyd cyfuchlin Tydi uwchbridd ddim yn cael ei olchi heibio’r cerrig. Mae dŵr yn ymdreiddio yn lle rhedeg ar hyd y wyneb Rhad i’w adeiladu, ond llafur sydd ei angen Effeithiol, yn cynyddu cynnyrch gan 50% Tackling desertification Datrys diffeithdiriad

Strategies for dealing with the problem Strategaethau i ddelio efo’r broblem Water conservation Contour ploughing allows water to soak in Stone lines reduce water run-off Cadwraeth dŵr Aredig ar draws y llethr yn caniatáu i ddŵr suddo i fewn Mae byndiau yn lleihau dŵr ffo Rotate crops Have fallow periods Allows soil to retain fertility Cylchdroi cnydau Yn gadael i’r tir gael cyfnod braenar (heb gael ei ddefnyddio) Yn caniatáu i’r pridd cadw ffrwythlondeb Controlled grazing Limit size of herds Have fewer, better quality animals Rheoli pori Cyfyngu’r nifer o stoc Cael llai o anifeiliaid sydd o well ansawdd Shelter belts Plant rows of drought-resistant trees and shrubs Reduces loss by evapo-transpiration Llain gysgodi Plannu rhesi o goed sy’n gwrthsefyll sychder Lleihau colled o ddŵr gan anweddiad

Other ideas Education of people ~ population control Fill in gullies/replant ~ reduces water flow Wells must be deep and lined to reach permanent water table Natural fertiliser improves quality and water retention of soil Use branches for fuel wood not whole trees Strip farming –harvest crops at different times – soil not left bare Strategies for dealing with the problem Strategaethau i ddelio efo’r broblem Syniadau eraill Addysgu pobl – rheoli twf poblogaeth Llenwi a phlannu coed yn y gwlïau er mwyn lleihau llif y dŵr Mae’n rhaid i ffynhonnau fod yn ddyfn er mwyn cyrraedd dŵr daear parhaol. Gwrtaith naturiol yn gwella ansawdd y pridd a faint o ddŵr mae’n gallu ei ddal. Defnyddio canghennau ar gyfer tanwydd, nid coed cyfan. Llain driniad – plannu cnydau gwahanol bob yn ail rhes – eu cynhaeafu ar adegau gwahanol – pridd heb gael ei adael yn foel.