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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 9: Life Span Development I Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Studying Development Physical Development Cognitive Development

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Developmental Psychology: studies age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Studying Development– Key Theoretical Debates Nature vs. Nurture— heredity vs. environment Continuity vs. Stages— continuous and gradual vs. periods of abrupt change followed by periods of little change Stability vs. Change— characteristics maintained vs. characteristics vary over time

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Studying Development (Continued) What position on these debates is most correct? The interactionist perspective, which recently evolved into the biopsychosocial model. SocialPsychological Biological

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Behaviorist John Watson said: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take anyone at random and train them to become any type of specialist I might select— doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." (Boakes, 1984, pp. 226) Do you agree? Why or why not?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Studying Development— Research Methods

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Studying Development— Research Methods

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Studying Development— Cultural Guidelines for Developmental Research Culture may be the most important determinant. Development cannot be studied outside its sociocultural context.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Can you briefly describe the three key areas of debate in developmental psychology? 2.What are the key differences between cross-sectional and longitudinal research?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Three Stages of Prenatal Development 1.Germinal Period: conception to uterine implantation 2.Embryonic Period: uterine implantation through the eighth week 3.Fetal Period: eighth week until birth

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Three Stages of Prenatal Development

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogens: environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development by crossing the placental barrier Categories of teratogens include: – Legal and illegal drugs – Diseases and malnutrition – Exposure to X-rays and stress exposure

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Hazards to Prenatal Development

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Early Childhood Three key areas of early childhood development:  Brain  Motor  Sensory/perceptual development

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Brain Development As child grows, neurons grow in size and the number of dendrites and axons increase.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development- Lifespan Changes in Body Proportions

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development—Early Childhood Milestones in motor development

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Sensory and Perceptual Development Smell, taste, touch, and hearing are well developed at birth. Vision is developed poorly at birth.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development— Adolescence and Puberty

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Physical Development- Adulthood Middle Age: Female Menopause Male Climacteric  Late Adulthood: Primary Aging: gradual, inevitable changes versus age changes due to disease, disuse, or neglect Secondary Aging: Changes resulting from disease, disuse, or neglect

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1._____ are environmental agents that may lead to birth defects. 2.The senses of _____, ______, _____, and _____ are all well developed at birth.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Cognitive Development Jean Piaget believed infants begin at a cognitively “primitive” level and progress in distinct stages. Piaget’s schemas are the most basic unit of intellect, which act as patterns that organize interactions with the environment.