CIVIL RIGHTS HISTORY ALIVE! CHAPTER AMERICANS CHPT. 21 EMILY DECKING, M1RANDA HEATH, COLIN BURN, AND BRADY LOTT Chapter Overview: after decades of discrimination, African Americans begin a struggle for equality. They make gain against unfair laws in the south, but as the movement reaches northern cities, gains are fewer

HOW DID THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT BEGIN? Social changes began after World War II when it set the stage for overturning law The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People cases which weakened segregation -Brown vs. Board of Education -Segregated schools were now unconstitutional (1954) Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man -African Americans in Alabama boycotted the bus system Martin Luther King Jr. -"I have a dream" speech

WHAT EVENTS LED CONGRESS TO PASS THE CIVIL RIGHTS AND VOTING ACTS?  Civil rights workers were attacked and people Kennedy wanted a new law for African-American equality everywhere; government desegregated schools  A march on Washington with more than 25,000 people urged Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act (1964); “I Have a Dream” Speech  Kennedy assassinated Johnson became president and got many bills through Congress  Harsh police responses to a civil rights march (1965) President Johnson encouraged the Voting Rights Act; got rid of any state law that prevented African- Americans from voting

HOW DID THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CHANGE?  De facto segregation in the North, not enforced by law but by the attitudes of the people and by discriminatory real estate practices such as redlining  New leaders such as Malcolm X supported armed self-defense and many people began to use the slogan "Black Power"  The Black Panthers wore military clothing and used harsh words, which alarmed more moderate African Americans and whites  Riots occurred from 1964 to 1968 in protest of the lack of opportunities in cities and racism from predominantly white police forces

WHY COULD THE RESULTS OF THE MOVEMENT BE CALLED MIXED?  Brought down de jure segregation; direct by law -Civil Rights Act of 1957 federal gov. steps in to protect voting rights -Civil Rights Act of 1964 integration of facilities + employment -Voting Rights Act of 1965 removal of voter literacy tests -Civil Rights Act of 1968 integration of housing -Eliminated segregation in education, transportation, employment, and real estate  Couldn’t defeat de facto segregation; racism -Continue to fight off racism and discrimination 80% of stops by NYC police are African American vs. 8% white; 85% being inaccurate precautions -Some struggle to obtain equal treatment at work and to complete their education 10.2% unemployed vs. 4.7% white 84.4% graduate w a high school diploma -Lots remain in poverty 27.4% in poverty vs. 14.5% white