Chapter 13.5 Lecture The Science of Nutrition Third Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. In Depth: Disordered Eating

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Disordered Eating General term used to describe a variety of atypical eating behaviors that people use to achieve or maintain a lower body weight Eating behaviors occur on a continuum

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Eating Disorders Psychiatric conditions involving extreme body dissatisfaction and long-term eating patterns that negatively affect body functioning Anorexia nervosa: self-starvation leading to a severe nutrient deficiency Bulimia nervosa: recurrent episodes of extreme overeating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Contributing Factors Many factors contribute to disordered: eating behaviors –Family –Media –Social and cultural values –Personality –Genetic factors

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Photos of models and celebrities are routinely "enhanced."

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anorexia Nervosa Potential deadly eating disorder –90−95% are young girls or women –5−20% of females with anorexia will die from complications within 10 years of diagnosis

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. People with anorexia experience an extreme drive for thinness.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anorexia Nervosa Signs and symptoms: –Extremely restrictive eating practices –Intense fear of gaining weight –Amenorrhea: no menstrual periods for at least 3 months; occurs with insufficient energy to maintain normal body functions –Signs may be somewhat different in males

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anorexia Nervosa Health risks: –Energy and nutrient deficiency –Electrolyte imbalance –Cardiovascular problems –Gastrointestinal problems –Bone problems Best chances for recovery: early intensive treatment

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Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorder characterized by repeated binge eating followed by purging Binge eating: feels a loss of self-control, a sense of euphoria, "a drug-induced high" Binge: large quantity of food eaten in a short period of time

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. People with bulimia often consume large amounts of food over short time periods.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bulimia Nervosa Affects 1−4% of women Affects more women than men 1% of bulimia patients will die from complications within 10 years of diagnosis Purging: occurs after most binge episodes (weight gain can be significant) by vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bulimia Nervosa Symptoms: –Recurrent episodes of binge eating –Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain –Binge eating occurs on average at least twice a week for 3 months –Body shape and weight unduly influence self- evaluation

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bulimia Nervosa Signs: –Chronically inflamed and sore throat –Swollen glands in the neck and below the jaw Health risks: –Electrolyte imbalance: dehydration, loss of sodium and potassium ions from vomiting (irregular heartbeat) –Gastrointestinal problems –Dental problems

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Binge Eating After stressful events Occurs about twice weekly, not followed by purging 2−3% of adults, 8% of obese population Common in men Food triggers: foods high in fat and sugar can increase blood lipids Psychological consequences: low self-esteem, avoidance of social contact, depression, and negative thoughts

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Night-Eating Syndrome People who were not hungry during the day, but eat in the evening and night Depressed mood and insomnia Combination of eating disorder, sleep disorder, and mood disorder

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Female Athlete Triad Serious syndrome in some active females: –Low energy availability (with or without eating disorders) –Amenorrhea –Osteoporosis Early warning signs: excessive dieting and/or weight loss, excessive exercise, stress fractures, and self-esteem dictated by body weight/shape

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Treatment for Disordered Eating Successful treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, including: –Patient –Physician –Psychologist –Nutritionist –Person's coach (if an athlete) –Family members and friends

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutritional Therapy Goals: to restore to healthy body weight and resolve nutrition-related eating issues Body image issues as weight is regained Acceptability of certain foods Food situations (gatherings, eating out) Healthful food plan for weight maintenance Addressing negative feelings, trigger foods