Forced Migration Case study Sudan Push Factors  Prolonged political instability  Civil war between the Sunni Muslim in the north and rebel African people in South  Separate conflict in Western Sudan between Arab pastoral nomads and black African farmers  Conflict has been fuelled by drought and desertification  This has resulted in over 70,000 deaths and many war crimes esp. rape and mutilation

Pull Factors Refugees have moved to Ethiopia, Chad, Uganda and Kenya where there is no persecution or threat to life Refugee camps are available and there can be humanitarian aid given by Red Cross, UN, Oxfam etc.

Problems Over 2 million refugees have left Sudan since the conflict started. Over 70,000 people have been killed. They are escaping persecution and death but many have lived in refugee camps for many years and the conditions are appalling – disease is rife, lack of schooling and famine. Many have died in the camps. South Sudan is now independent but conflict is still a problem and South Sudan is struggling to develop.

Excellent website that looks at a number of development issues  development development

Primary Health Care (PHC)  Water Aid – e.g. soap making in BF and composting toilets in Nigeria (see link below)   Merry-go-round water pumps in South Africa – children now attending school and health has improved (see clip below)  tech-design-solution-for-water-collection-in- south-africa/6266.html tech-design-solution-for-water-collection-in- south-africa/6266.html  Simple water pump designs v complex designs

 Trained personnel to work with communities – trusted and will diagnose and treat minor health problems  Family planning – target women  Nutrition advice and supplements made available  Promotion of breast feeding  VIP – ventilated improved privy  Improve antenatal and postnatal care by training more midwives and encourage spacing between children

Bitesize test and PHC notes  itesize/higher/geography/interactions/qui z/development_and_health/ itesize/higher/geography/interactions/qui z/development_and_health/  itesize/higher/geography/interactions/de velopment_and_health_rev6.shtml itesize/higher/geography/interactions/de velopment_and_health_rev6.shtml

Population in UK  Early 1900s – BR about 26 per 000, DR about 14 per 000, IM about 143 per 000. Only 17% of pop over 50  BR still high because family planning was not widely used and children were still seen as economic gain/support. IM high so compensation for loss  DR declined due to improvements in water and nutrition across the country. Health care had advanced considerably but still no NHS and penicillin. People didn’t tend to have very high LE and so there was not a big ageing pop.

Mid s  BR about 20 per 000, DR about 13 per 000, IM about 99 per 000 and 19% living over age of 50  Family planning widely introduced – family planning clinics, introduction of pill (more widely used in 1960s), abortion introduced in 1968, medical care had improved as has midwifery training. Compulsory education meant that children became an expense. However, women not encouraged to have careers.  DR improved due to NHS (1947), better medical training, use of vaccines (TB 1953, Polio 1956, Tetanus 1961, Measles 1968) which cut down IM and continuing improvements in nutrition and hygiene.

1980s – 1990s  BR about 12 per 000, DR about 11 per 000, IM about 6 per 000 and 32% of pop over age of 50  BR is low due to range of family planning widely available and adopted. Cost of living and children increased and people became more materialistic. Equal pay and opportunities for women meant that children were no longer considered an inevitability of marriage  DR declines further as a consequence of increased LE associated with health provision

Present Day  BR about 12 per 000, DR about 9 per 000, IM about 5 per 000. Estimated pop over 50 is 45%  BR has increased slightly due to larger population esp. immigrants but remains low for all reasons mentioned previously. Women are putting off child birth until early 30s which is reducing their fertility  DR is even lower. Cancer research has greatly increased LE. Further improvements to surgical techniques e.g. open heart surgery and key hole surgery have increased LE. People are healthier – taking more exercise, reducing alcohol and fatty food consumption, less smokers – all a consequence of widescale government health promotion/campaigns

Consequences  Ageing society in UK  Increase in retirement age to 67 and beyond  Changes to public pensions to pay for current pension provision  Increase in taxes to pay for health, home helps, care homes etc.  Decrease in child related industries  Consequences for jobs in future if elderly people are working longer

Urban Transport Problem River Clyde – means that there are a number of bridges which are congested at peak times. Bridges are old and narrow. The Kingston bridge copes with 170,000 cars per day Solution build new bridges e.g. Squinty Bridge (Clyde Arc 2006 vehicular) that connects Finnieston and Govan and Tradeston Bridge (Squiggly Bridge 2009 footbridge) which connects from Finnieston to the Media Centre