PP 03a-Gross anatomy, in more detail

Superior view of brain

Lateral view of brain

Pull down the temporal lobe, and more brain surface is found = insula Pull down the temporal lobe, and more brain surface is found = insula Lateral view of brain, with insula exposed

Lateral schematic of brain and its four lobes

Ventral views

Ventral view: A closer look at the brainstem

Midsaggital view Brain (encephalon) Brain (encephalon) –Prosencephalon Telencephalon= cerebrum, with basal ganglia and limbic lobe deep inside Telencephalon= cerebrum, with basal ganglia and limbic lobe deep inside Diencephalon= thalamus and hypthalamus (“between brain”) Diencephalon= thalamus and hypthalamus (“between brain”) –Mesencephalon = midbrain* –Rhombencephalon Metencephalon: pons* & cerebellum Metencephalon: pons* & cerebellum Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata* Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata* Spinal cord Spinal cord Note skull and foramen magnum * = three parts of brain stem

Embryonic origins Brain (encephalon) Brain (encephalon) –Prosencephalon Telencephalon= cerebrum, with basal ganglia and limbic lobe deep inside Telencephalon= cerebrum, with basal ganglia and limbic lobe deep inside Diencephalon= thalamus and hypthalamus (“between brain”) Diencephalon= thalamus and hypthalamus (“between brain”) –Mesencephalon = midbrain* –Rhombencephalon Metencephalon: pons* & cerebellum Metencephalon: pons* & cerebellum Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata* Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata* Spinal cord Spinal cord

A closer look at the midsagittal surface at levels of diencephalon and brain stem Note the thalamus, hypothalamus (diencephalon), pons, medulla and midbrain (brain stem) and corpus callosum and commissures (which form connections between hemispheres)

Mid-sagittal schematic of brain and its four lobes

Cingulate gyrus (also called limbic cortex)

The limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus) is part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM which includes the hippocampus and amygdala, interconneted with parts of the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and olfactory (smell) system. The limbic system is strongly associated with memory and emotion

Spinal cord  _PNS

Cellular structure, and its relationship to the gray matter / white matter distinction

Two types of cells make up the nervous system Neurons (nerve cells) Neurons (nerve cells) –Transmit information, usually as nerve impulses –Communicate with each other, to transmit messages throughout the body Satellite cells Satellite cells –Facilitate neurons, but do not transmit nerve impulses

A prototypical neuron and its synapse with another neuron

In development, neuron cell bodies start in the center of the neural tube In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the surface In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the surface In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay close to the center of the tube In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay close to the center of the tube

In development, cell bodies start in the center of the neural tube In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the surface In the brain, the cell bodies migrate to the surface Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on surface of brain = cortex Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on surface of brain = cortex In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay close to the center of the tube In the spinal cord, the cell bodies stay close to the center of the tube –Aggregations of cell bodies make up gray matter on in the core of the spinal cord = central gray matter GRAY MATTER = GROUP OF CELL BODIES

In development, cell bodies in the gray matter “sprout” their axons Groups/bundles of axons make up WHITE MATTER. Do you see the white matter under the gray cortex? Groups/bundles of axons make up WHITE MATTER. Do you see the white matter under the gray cortex?

In the spinal cord, central gray matter, with white matter on outside. Gray matter also makes up nuclei in brainstem (surrounded by white matter) and nuclei that make up the thalamus & basal ganglia Spinal cord Brainstem: Lateral view (See nuclei in blue) Cerebrum: Coronal section (see gray matter of basal ganglia)