Fiber Overview CIBET, 2016 Mike Watson

Agenda Optical Fiber 101 Common Parameters Optical Fiber Cables Basic Architecture SM vs. MM Key Definitions Choosing best fit optical fiber Common Parameters Optical Fiber Cables Cable selection Composite cables for Line Powering Optical Cabling solutions Pigtailed Stubbed Plug and Play

Why Use Fiber Optics

What is Fiber Optics Transmission The transmission of information in the form of light through a transparent medium, typically high-purity glass. Information is encoded into electrical signals Electrical signals are converted into digital or Analog (frequency or amplitude modulated) Light signals Light travels along length of fiber cable A detector detects and changes the light back into electrical signals Electrical signals are decoded into information.

Optical Fiber Anatomy Core Carries the light signals Silica (SiO2) and a dopant (GeO2) to raise index of refraction Cladding Keeps the light in the core Pure Silica (SiO2) Coating 5µm Acrylate layer For handling and protection 245 μm 125 μm 8 - 62.5 μm

Key Definitions Speed of Light in a Vacuum Index of Refraction = Speed of Light in a Medium

Principle of Operation

Key Definitions Optical Source Attenuation - Loss of signal energy Types of Sources LED (Light Emitting Diode), Low cost, operates at 850nm and 1300nm. VCSEL (vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser), are low cost lasers, they operate at 850nm LASER, (Light Amplification from Stimulated Emission of Radiation), are typically more expensive, operating wavelengths of 1310nm, 1490nm, 1550nm 1625 and others. Attenuation - Loss of signal energy Intrinsic attenuation (loss of signal strength due to interaction between the photons and inherent physical properties of the optical fiber), made up of the sum of absorption and scattering Nearing the theoretical limit. Absorption: photon gives up its kinetic energy to subatomic particles Scattering: photon bounces of subatomic Particles, 95% of intrinsic attenuation

Key Definitions Attenuation - Loss of signal energy Extrinsic Attenuation, loss of signal strength due to changes in the dimensional properties of the optical fiber Macrobends: large scale bends, occur when the optical fiber bend radius is exceeded, controlled by the installer. Microbends: small scale distortions of the shape of the optical fiber, again controlled by installer. Imperfect junctions (splices, fiber end faces etc.) dB(attenuation) = -10 Log(Pout / Pin ) Output power is less than input power, so the result would be a negative number if the “-” is not included in the formula

Key Definitions Dispersion – Spreading of the optical signal pulses as they travel along the length of the fiber( making individual signals indistinguishable to the optical receiver) illustrated using Digital frequency Various types of dispersion Modal Dispersion, Chromatic Dispersion (Material Dispersion, Waveguide Dispersion), Polarization Mode Dispersion etc. Output power is less than input power, so the result would be a negative number if the “-” is not included in the formula

Attenuation vs. Dispersion

Comparing Single-mode and Multimode Fibers Single-mode fiber Core Size 8.3 µm Source Lasers 1310, 1550, 1625 nm Attenuation 0.4/0.3 dB/km (1310/1550 nm) Dispersion No modal Bandwidth Infinite. Electronics limiting factor SMF MMF Existing MMF Fiber in Building Low Loss Critical New Installation Future Proof Easy termination Multimode fiber Core Size 50 or 62.5 µm Source LED or VCSEL Attenuation 62.5 µm = 3.4/1.0 50 µm = 3.0/1.0 Dispersion Dominated by modal dispersion Bandwidth Distance, Fiber type, source type. 850 0r 1300 nm So why do we use SMF  MMF is too lossy

Corning’s Singlemode Fiber SMF-28e+® Optical Fiber 1310 nm optimized Zero dispersion in the 1310 region ITU-T G.652.D-compliant Attenuation: 0.4 / 0.3 dB/km @ 1310 / 1550 nm Clearcurve® Optical Fiber Bend insensitive performance compared to legacy single mode fibers. Compliant to G.652D and G.657 categories and compatible with the installed base of Corning SMF-28e® and SMF-28e+® fiber. Two options available: Clearcurve XB Clearcurve ZBL Fiber Type Bend Radius G657 Compliance ClearCurve® XB 10mm G.657.A1 ClearCurve ®ZBL 5mm G.657.B3

Cable Types

Outdoor – Cables Typically in seen DAS SST-Ribbon™ (12-216 Fibers) Gel-Filled and Gel-Free Options FREEDM Cable™ Plenum (12-72 Fibers) Riser (12-288 Fibers) ALTOS® Loose Tube (up to 432 Fibers) Gel-Free (288-432f) ROC Drop (Single Fiber) Gel-Free Only Jacket Options Dielectric Armor Plenum Riser Jacket Options Dielectric Armor Jacket Options Dielectric Armor Jacket Options Dielectric Tone able Preconnectorized

Indoor - Cables Typically in DAS Indoor Ribbon (12 - 216 F) Actifi Cable™ (2 - 24 Fibers) 16AWG (2 – 6 Pairs) 14AWG (2 – 6 Pairs) 12AWG (1 – 2 Pairs) MIC® Unitized Cable (36 – 144F) MIC® Cable (2 – 24F) Jacket Options Dielectric Armor Plenum Riser Jacket Options Dielectric Armor Plenum Indoor/Outdoor Jacket Options Dielectric Armor Jacket Options Dielectric Tone able Preconnectorized

Ribbon – Basic Analysis Simple Scenario – 500ft run, 144 fiber MIC vs. Ribbon   MIC Ribbon Material $5,325 $1,870 Splicing $2,880 $2,100 Cable Prep $200 $100 Total Cost $8,405 $4,070 Cable Diameter 0.92" 0.59" Cost High count ribbon cables. are typically less expensive than high count MIC cables Installation Typically less expensive to install than single strand MIC cables due to labor savings during fusion splicing Size Have smaller cable diameter than single strand MIC Splicing SMF is easy to splice when compared to splicing a MIC cable.

Composite Cable Deployment Examples Composite Fiber Cable Power Distribution Rectifiers Batteries for Power Backup

Selecting the Best Fit Cable Composite MIC Ribbon Freedm ALTOS DC Power Distribution Pre connectorized All Indoor All Outdoor Indoor / Outdoor Armored Available? Environment Indoor, Outdoor, Parking Garage, Oil Refinery, Cruise Ship etc. Code Conduit requirements, interlocking armor, DC? Fiber Density. Ribbon vs. MIC/Loose. Crush or rodent resistance requirements? Hardware Splicing/termination capabilities.

Connector Types

Connectors OptiTap TIA/EIA 568 Maximum Reflectance Multimode ≤ -20dB Single-mode ≤ -26dB COC Reflectance Standards PC (Physical Contact) ≤ -30dB SPC (Super PC) ≤ -40dB UPC (Ultra PC) ≤ -55dB APC (Angled PC) ≤ -65dB

Corning’s Advanced Fiber Cabling and Hardware for DAS Fusion Splice Fusion Splice Bulk cable for fusion splicing Fiber only, composite, plenum, riser, armored, and non-armored Stubbed Hardware Stubbed Hardware Eliminates splicing at remote Factory tested Connectors Rack and wall mount options Custom Lengths Plug-n-Play Eliminates all splicing reducing installation time by 90% End to end factory tested Excellent Speed of Deployment Plug-n-Play

Traditional Approach – Fusion Splicing Head-End Remote Location 024EC8-14101-20 24-Fiber Ribbon Cable Plenum SMFe

Pigtailed Hardware Pigtail cassette contains all needed accessories One Housing for all connector types Only buy what you need Reduces overall footprint in remote locations (IDF) Reduces troubleshooting and maintenance of the system

Stubbed Hardware – Eliminates Fusion Splicing in Remote Locations Head-End Remote Location Benefits of Stubbed Hardware Eliminates Remote splicing = Reduced Installation time + Reduced Cost Factory tested stubbed housings = Improved Performance and Reduced Troubleshooting Available in rack mount and wall mount configurations from 12f to 288f.

Stubbed Hardware Connector Housing inside the hollow of the drum of this reel Cable tail wrapped around drum

Plug & Play – Eliminates All Fusion Splicing Head-End Remote Location Benefits of Plug & Play Eliminates All splicing = 90% Reduced Installation time + Reduced Cost Factory End to End tested = Best Performance and Reduced Troubleshooting Available in rack mount and wall mount configurations from 12f to 144f.

Plug and Play – How it interconnects 2 Sided Plug & Play Trunk Plug & Play Module Pulling Grip 1 Sided Plug & Play Trunk Splice Cassette Benefits of Plug & Play Eliminates All splicing = 90% Reduced Installation time + Reduced Cost Deployed in Major Data Centers across the world Available in rack mount and wall mount configurations from 12f to 144f. Google in Lenoir NC Apple in Maiden NC Yahoo in San Francisco AT&T in Georgia Bank of America

Selecting the Best Fit Hardware Pigtailed Stubbed Plug & Play Stacked IDFs Easy Pathways Large Venues Complicated Pathways Little to no information On Air Date is Today On Air Date was Yesterday Minimal on Site time required Mount Type Wall vs rack. If rack, consider number of rack units. Leasing Connector Fiber count and connector type consideration. Cable Consider cable type and application Connectivity Who is paying for the rack space or footprint? Pigtail, splicing vs. prestubbed hardware vs Plug & Plug.

Cable Installation

Four General Placement Considerations Ensure Sufficient Slack For moves, adds and changes, also for safety and aesthetics purposes Monitor Tension Exceeding the maximum pull tension could induce fiber strain and cause permanent damage to the cable. Use a Breakaway Swivel, Tension Monitoring winch or Tensiometer. Maintain Minimum bend radius Bending the cable tighter than the minimum bend radius may result in attenuation or even break the fiber and damage the cable. Protect exposed cable Use slack storage hardware where appropriate, cable clips, inner duct, J-hooks etc. Anecdotal story, Nuclear sub example: network would go down daily at 6:00PM….could never figure it out why, turns out the network cable was expose over the door to one of the security type rooms and the guard on duty would hang his jacket on it, attenuating the fiber and taking the network down.

Placement considerations - examples Slack Tension Radius Protection For vertical runs, make sure the cable is secure at least every other floor with use if J-hoops or Split grips (Chinese fingers). Should also keep in mind that all cables have a maximum vertical rise they can go.

Duct Installation – the Duct System & Lubrication Existing Duct Measure Length (Mule tape etc.) Proof the duct (swabbing) New Duct Minimizing bends, more specifically 90 degree bends Installing enough duct for future, possibly inner duct as well. Pulling tape etc. Innerduct Allows for maximum use of large ducts Pull rope/tape Flexible/fabric innerduct (Max-cell) Lubricant Used Ensure the lubricant is compatible with the cable jacket, non petroleum based Consult cable manufacturer for recommended water or silicon based lubricants. (poly water J) Add lubricant at entry point in the direction of the cable pull. Poly Water Inc. also has a software called a Pull Planner that would give you the best steps to use for complicated pathways.

Duct Installation – Fill Ratio Talk about figure eighting for long runs to reduce stress build up and also where ever you have more than one 90 degree bend. A duct fill ratio calculator is available on the CCS website. All you need is the cable diameters, duct diameters and number of cables.

Must Haves &“Nice-to-haves” LC Cleaning tool MTP Cleaning tool SC Cleaning tool P/N: CLEANER-PORT-LC P/N: 2104466-01 P/N: CLEANER-PORT-2.5 Connector Removal Tool Connector Cleaning Cassette Visual Fault Locator P/N: CLEANER-UNIV-CASS P/N: CRT-001 P/N: VFL-350