Chronic Pain Chronic Pain define as:  Pain persists beyond either the course of an acute disease or reasonable time for an injury to heal  Pain is associated with chronic pathological process  Pain that recurs at interval of months or year

Chronic Pain Syndrome IMalignant Cancer pain syndrome II Non-Malignant Nociceptive Neuropathic Psychogenic Central pain

 Nociceptive Low back pain Myofacial pain Visceral pain Headache and facial pain Neck and shoulder pain  Neuropathic pain Sympathetically mediated pain Post herpetic neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia Phantom pain

Modalities of Pain Management IPharmacological IIAnaesthesiologic IIISpecial technique * Facet Blocks * Acupuncture (Gate control theory) * Cryolysis * Ablative technique * Radio frequency * Physical therapy

Pharmacological  Analgesic Paracetamol NSAID Opioids  Co-analgesics Anti-depressant Anti-convulsant Contd...

Anesthisiologic  Central nerve blocks ○ Spinal ○ Epidural  Peripheral nerve blocks ○ Femoral ○ ICN ○ Others  Autonomic Nerve blocks ○ Stellete ganglion ○ Lumber Sympathectomy Contd...

Special Technique Special Technique  Facet block for back pain  Cryolysis for nerve damage  Radio frequency for facet joint / nerve damage  Acupuncture 361 classical acupuncture points lie along specific pathway or meridians  Ablative neuro-surgical procedure - interrupt sensory pathways to the brain or in the brain and brain stem. Contd...

Low Back Pain Most common condition seen in the pain clinic Major causes:  Prolapse inter-vertebral disc  Facet joint degeneration  Sacroiliac joint arthritis  Musculoskeletal disorder  Miscellaneous

Prolapsed Intervertebral Disk

Management of Low Back Pain  Pain alone may not justify decompression surgery like laminectomy or micro-discectomy

Treatment Options Drug therapy vs nerve block procedure drug therapy NSAID, week opioids & other support therapy Low morbidity out patient ○ Epidural steroid ○ Facet joint steroid injection ○ Sacroiliac steroid injection

Myofacial Pain Syndrome  Pathogenesis The likely has a central mechanism, with peripheral clinical manifestations.  Causes Abnormal stresses on the muscles from sudden stress on shortened muscles, leg-length discrepancies, or skeletal asymmetry Poor posture, static position for a prolonged period of time Chronic infections and sleep deprivation

Sympathetically Mediated Pain (SMP) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia RSD A group of condition associated with extremity pain and autonomic dysfunction Causalgia Specific syndrome of burning pain and autonomic dysfunction associated with major nerve trunk injury.

Treatment Options  Drug therapy Antidepressant Anti convulsant Narcotic analgesic Oral nifedipine Adrenergic blocking agents  Nerve Block Chemical sympathectomy  Physical therapy

Post-herpetic neuralgia  Pain in the distribution of a nerve  It follows an acute herpetic attack Incidence:3-4 per 1000 Clinically: Burning pain constant deepache crawling or scratching pain stabbing or shooting

Management  Drug therapy (main stay) Anticonvulsant Anti depressant  Nerve block Little role

Trigeminal Neuralgia  Conditions occur more often in Female middle aged  Strictly unilateral, however in 2% it may be bilateral  Pain in the face is characterized by sharp, severe (paroxysmal) and brief lasting no more then a few seconds.

Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia  Drug Therapy Anti-convulsant Anti depressant  Nerve block Cryo-analgesia Radio-frequency

Malignant Pain Syndrome Incidence 70% of cancer patients suffer from pain as a symptoms

Management Strategies  Pharmacological methods  Interventional pain management neurolytic blocks Intraspinal drug delivery system

Pharmacologic therapy “Analgesic staircase” Strong opioids +/- adjuvant Weak opioids +/- adjuvant Non-opioids NSAID +/- adjuvant

Invasive Procedures  When pain or side effects persist despite comprehensive trials of pharmacologic therapy INeurolytic blocks ○ Coeliac plexus ○ Hypogastric plexus IIIntra-spinal drug delivery ○ short terms – intrathecal or epidural infusion ○ long term – implants

CONCLUSION  Control of pain in chronic pain syndrome can be achieved in most patients by the application of a carefully individualized, flexible programme of : analgesic drugs Interventional pain management