T HE S ELF -C ONSCIOUS E MOTIONS Shame, Guilt, Pride, & Embarrassment

Moral Behavior Moral Standards Moral Reasoning Moral Emotions Moral Decisions Moral Behavior

Moral Standards Moral Standards – Individuals’ knowledge of culturally defined moral norms and conventions Moral Reasoning Moral Reasoning – Involves thinking through the implications of alternative behaviors in terms of moral principles Moral Emotions Moral Emotions – Emotions associated with moral behavior

Moral Behavior Self-Conscious Emotions Self-Conscious Emotions – Shame – Guilt – Pride – Embarrassment Other-Conscious Emotions Other-Conscious Emotions – Contempt – Disgust – Anger

The Self-Conscious Emotions The S ELF must be included in SELF - CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS The SELF largely plays a cognitive role in relationship to the behavior of the self in society

The Self-Conscious Emotions The S ELF is involved by… – Standards, Rules, & Goals – Evaluation of Self Internal vs. External Attributions Assessment of Success vs. Failure Global vs. Specific Self

Shame The product of an individual's evaluation of their action in regard to the SRGs and their global evaluation of the self

Guilt A product of an individual’s evaluation of their behavior as a failure

Shame & Guilt Shame Associated with feelings about the self “I did the horrible thing” Guilt Associated with feelings about the behavior or event – “I did that horrible thing”

Shame & Guilt SIMILAR Both are moral emotions Both are self-conscious Both occur in interpersonal settings Similar events give rise to both shame and guilt (critical is the individual differences in experiencing these) DISSIMILAR Shame is self-focused; guilt is behavior-focused Shame is more painful than guilt Shame makes people “feel small”; guilt makes people feel remorse Shame causes a concern about how others’ evaluate self; guilt causes concern about behavior’s effect on others

Communicating Blame Moral emotions are responses to specific moral violation –(More on this later) Guilt and Shame are directed in different ways –Anger & Guilt direct attention to the behavior/event –Disgust and Shame direct attention to the self

Communicating Blame

Dealing with Guilt Guilt motivates people to experience pain Pain reduces the feeling of guilt

Hubris a.k.a., Alpha Pride An exaggerated pride or self-confidence often resulting in retribution – A focus on the total self (as success) & requires a re-altering patterns of goal settings or evaluation of what constitutes success – Transient, but addictive – Interferes w/Interpersonal relationships

Is Pride a “Social Sin”? Does pride interfere w/social relationships? Why or why not? What is the difference in the way pride was discussed in the article and the way we just discussed it? – What is the key difference described in the introduction of the article?

Pride (Beta Pride) Results from the successful evaluation of a specific action

Pride The expression in the upper panel was identified as pride by 89% of judges The expression in the lower panel was identified as pride by 87% of judges

Self-Conscious Emotions SuccessFailure HubrisShame Global PrideGuilt Specific

Embarrassment Embarrassment as “Shame-Light” – Some embarrassment comes in regards to negative evaluations (SRGs) that are not central to the self Embarrassment as Exposure: – Some situations elicit embarrassment w/o any negative evaluation