1 CLASSIFICATION / TAXONOMY TEXT BOOK CH 18 REVIEW BOOK CH 13.5 AND 15.1

2 Terminology Classification –Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship Taxonomy –The science of naming organisms Systematics –Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny –Evolutionary history Cladogram – diagram used to show all derived traits

3 Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals

4 Carolus Linnaeus Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Binomial nomenclature (two names)

5 Taxonomic Groups

6

7 Classification of Man KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimates FamilyHominidae GenusHomo SpeciesHomo sapiens

8 What’s in a name? “People smart” Homo sapiens Image from:

9 What’s in a name? Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus “sea eagle white headed” Asterias rubens “Star red” Image from: Image from:

10 * * Archaea

11 Kingdom Monera or Archaeabacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA –Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall –Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only

12 Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall –peptidoglycan

13 Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food

14 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall –Chitin Absorb food

15 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall –Cellulose Produce food –photosynthesis

16 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food Motile

17 Synapomorphy AKA derived characteristic-- shared by two or more groups. –Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. –Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships –All are drawn in order from ancestrial to newest derived trait on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree.

18 Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships More historical than cladogram

19 Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later

20 Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

21 Fish Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth

22 Amphibian 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth

23 Reptile 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth

24 Bird 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic

25 Mammal 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair Endothermic

26 CLADOGRAM Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae

27 Construct a Cladogram

28 Fish Tail

29 Lizard Four limbs Tail

30 Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail

31 Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail

32 Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail

33 Clad With 4 Limbs

34 Clad With Fur

35 Clad With No Tail

36 Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait

37 GorillaChimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Four Limbs Fur Tail Lost

38 Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?

39 Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla Human

40 THE END

41 Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane

42 Anatomical Terms Anterior –Head end (front side in upright man) Posterior –Tail end (back side in upright man) Dorsal –Back side Ventral –Belly side

43 Anatomical Terms (cont) Medial –Close to the middle Lateral –Close to the side Distal –Away from the main part Proximal –Close to the main part

44 Anatomical Terms (cont) Oral –End with the mouth Aboral –Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic –Toward head Caudal –Toward tail

45 Bilateral Symmetry

46 Radial Symmetry

47 Asymmetry

48 The End