Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s Y. C.Institute of Science,Satara. Biology Department Presents PPT of Genetic Engineering and Genomics Miss Nanaware Vaishali Shamrao

1.DNA Fingerprinting 2.Genomics And Human Genome Project 3.Biotechnological applications for human health

Introduction The term biotechnology was coined by Karl Ereky. Modern day biotechnology revolves around the genetic engineering. To bring the changes in the original genetic make up of an organism to bring about the changes which otherwise were impossible by traditional knowledge. Various techniques like tissue culture, gene transfer,transgenesis, cloning,DNA fingerprinting,Rdna technology etc.

DNA Fingerprinting Genes present on chromosomes are responsible for determining characters of organisms as well as for inheritance of characters. Chromosomes are principally made up of DNA. DNA is genetic material of most of organisms.

Recombinations of paternal and maternal genes Differences arise due to infrequent mutations during cell division. Due to all factors individual has its unique genetic make-up i.e.fingerprint Definition of DNA fingerprinting- The technique developed to identify a person with the help of DNA restriction analysis.

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) DNA fingerprinting technique is based on identification of nucleotide sequence. 99% nucleotide sequence in all the person is same. Short pieces of nucleotides differ from person to person. Unusual sequences of base pairs, which repeat several times. i.e. VNTRs.

VNTRs – Isolated and identified by A. Wyman and R. White in 1980 at University of Utah. The length of the regions having VNTRs is different in each individual hence it is key factor in DNA profiling.

Steps of DNA profiling- 1.DNA isolation 2.DNA amplification 3.DNA fragmentation 4.Electrophoresis 5.Sothern blotting 6.Hybridization 7.Photography

The technique of DNA Fingerprinting is developed by Alec Jeffreys,a British scientists, in Patented and used in America and Europe. He used VNTRs as markers. RFLP- To measure the length of DNA fragments containing the repetitive sequence is also known as restriction fragment length polymorphism.(Discovered by Alec Jeffrey)

In INDIA The technique used is developed by Dr. Lalji Singh in India. Radioactive DNA probe is obtained from Y chromosome of female banded krait snake.(BKM- DNA)

Applications of DNA Fingerprinting To establish parentage in disputed cases. To settle insurance claims. Study of phylogeny. In agriculture science. In genomics. In forensic medicine

Human Genome Project Genome- All the genes present in a cell /virus. The genome of any organism is the total number of genes present on the haploid set chromosomes. Prokaryotes- possess single chromosomes, hence only one set of genes. They are haploid(n) Eukaryotes - two sets of genes,they are diploid(2n)

Human genome project was initiated by U.S.Department of Energy and National Institute of Health in Genomics- It was the study of genes and genomes by DNA sequencing and related analysis. Primary Goal:- To generate detailed maps of human genome. To determine location of genes within the human genome.

Types of map 1.Genetic linkage map 2.Physical map Blueprint Scientific keys to understanding our biology and behaviors. HGP is to identify genes associated with human genetic diseases.

Biotechnological applications for human health Insulin:- Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in blood and is required by the body to functions normally. It is produced by cells in pancreas called Islets of Langerhans. Peoples who do not produce necessary amount of insulin suffer from a disease called Diabetes mellitus.

Vaccine A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to stimulate production of antibodies and induce immunity against several diseases. The first vaccine was produced by Edward Jenner in an attempt to provide protection against smallpox.

Gene Therapy Genetic diseases results from phenotypes caused by mutant genes in somatic cells. 1. Somatic cell therapy-Somatic cells are modified genetically to correct a genetic defect. 2.Germ –line therapy- Germ line cells are modified to correct a genetic defect.

Some Examples of genes which can be used in gene therapy Tissue plasminogen activator(TPA)-To prevent or reverse blood clots. Human growth hormone producer gene-To treat pituitary dwarfism. Human blood clotting factor VIII-To treat hemophiliacs. Human Insulin-To treat insulin dependent diabetics. Tissue growth factor-Beta promotes new blood vessels and epidermal growth. Useful in wound healing and burns.

Transgenic Animals Transgenic animal is a fertile animal which carries an introduced gene in its germ line. Transgenic animals are beneficial for man and they have scientific and commercial value. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish 95% of transgenic animals are mice. 1. Study of diseases 2. Vaccine safety 3. Bioreactors 4. Chemical safety testing.

Multiple choice questions- 1.Key factor in DNA profiling is--- A. sequence of nucleotides B. DNA isolation C.VNTR D.RFLP 2.DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease in a chemical reaction can be separated by— A. Restriction mapping B.centrifugation C. PCR D.Electrophoresis More than 95% of transgenic animals are----. A. Cows B. Rabbit C. Fish D. Mice

4.The Human Genome Project was initiated by U.S. Department of A. Agriculture B.Energy C.Science and Technology D.Health 5.The clot formation can be prevented by treatment with----in gene therapy. A. DNase B. Recombinant vaccine C. TPA D.TGF-B

Nanaware Vaishali Shamrao. Yashavatrao Chavan Institute of Science,Satara. Junior Biology Department

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