 Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of _______

 Nucleotides

 A nucleotide consists of _______, _________, and __________.

 a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

 The part of the molecule for which deoxyribonucleic acid is named is the _______

 sugar - deoxyribose

 Of the four nitrogen bases in DNA, which two are purines and which two are pyrimidines?

Adenine Guanine  Purines are Adenine and Guanine Thymine Cytosine  Pyrimidines are Thymine and Cytosine

 Which of the following is not true about DNA replication?  a.It occurs during the S phase of cell cycle  b.Two complementary strands are duplicated.  c.The double strand unwinds and unzips while it is being duplicated.  d.The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens.

 d.The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens.

 RNA differs from DNA in that RNA a. _______ b. _______ c. _______

 is single-stranded.  contains the nitrogen base uracil.  contains a different sugar molecule.

 In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to _______

 uracil

 The function of rRNA is to form _______

 ribosomes

 During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is “rewritten” as a molecule of _______

 messenger RNA

 Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n) _______

 codon

 Each of the following is a type of RNA except  a.carrier RNA.  b.messenger RNA.  c.ribosomal RNA.  d.transfer RNA.

 a.carrier RNA.

 What happens when an error is made in the replication process?

 The form of ribonucleic acid that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes is _______

 mRNA

mRNA codonsamino acid UAU, UACtyrosine CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG proline GAU, GAC aspartic acid AUU, AUC, AUAisoleucine UGU, UGCcysteine Refer to the illustration. Suppose that you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given to determine which of the following contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence. a. AUGGGUCUAUAUACG b. ATGGGTCTATATACG c. GCAAACTCGCGCGTA d. ATAGGGCTTTAAACA

 b. ATGGGTCTATATACG

 Transfer RNA  a.carries an amino acid to its correct codon.  b.synthesizes amino acids as they are needed.  c.produces codons to match the correct anticodons.  d.converts DNA into mRNA.

 a.carries an amino acid to its correct codon. amino acid attachment site UAC anticodon

 Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) _______

 mRNA molecule

 A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five- carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n) _______

 nucleotide

 The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is _______

 deoxyribose

 Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a(n) _______

 double helix

 Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be _________to each other.

 complementary

 The process by which DNA copies itself is called _______

 replication

 The nitrogen-containing base that is only found in RNA is _______

 uracil

 Messenger RNA is produced during the process of _____

 transcription

 During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of _______

 transfer RNA amino acid attachment site UAC anticodon

 Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called _______

 anticodons

 The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) _______

 codon

 The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of _____

 translation

 Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together.  _____ pairs with ______  ______ pairs with _________

 Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together.  _________ pairs with ______  ______ pairs with _________ Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________ A T GC

 For each process below, identify where it occurs in the cell and what is produced.  Replication:  Transcription:  Translation

Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  For each process below, identify where it occurs in the cell and what is produced.  Replication:  Transcription:  Translation Nucleus, identical DNA strand Nucleus, mRNA Ribosomes, tRNA - protein

 List three differences between DNA and RNA  a.  b.  c.

Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  List three differences between DNA and RNA  a.  b.  c. DNA – double strand; RNA – single strand DNA – deoxyribose sugar; RNA – ribose sugar DNA – Thymine nitrogen base; RNA – Uracil nitrogen base

 Identify 3 types of RNA, where they are found and what they do.  a.  b.  c.

Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  Identify 3 types of RNA, where they are found and what they do.  a.  b.  c. mRNA –nucleus, carries code to ribosomes tRNA –cytoplasm, carries amino acids to ribosomes rRNA –ribosomes, provides a job site for protein synthesis

 Use your codon chart on to complete the table below. Use your codon chart on to complete the table below. DNA Triplet TTC mRNA codon UAG tRNA anti-codon CAG Amino acid coded met

Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________ DNA Triplet TTC mRNA codon UAG tRNA anti-codon CAG Amino acid coded met UAC AUG TAC VAL GUC CAG AAG UUC LYS AUC ATC STOP

1. insertion – an extra nucleotide is added to the sequence. 2. deletion – a nucleotide is removed from the sequence. 3. inversion – a sequence of nucleotides is switched. 4. duplication – a nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides is repeated. 5. substitution – a nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide.

 Using the following DNA sequences, identify each of the following: Mutations: substitution, insertion and deletion  TAC GCC AGC CCG AGC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation: ___________________________  1: TAC GCA GCC CGA GCT ATA AAA TT  Mutation ___________________________  2: TAC GCC AGC CCG AAC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation ___________________________  3: TAC GCC ATG CCC GAG CTA TAA AAT T

Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  Mutations: substitution, insertion and deletion  TAC GCC AGC CCG AGC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation: ___________________________  1: TAC GCA GCC CGA GCT ATA AAA TT  Mutation ___________________________  2: TAC GCC AGC CCG AAC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation ___________________________  3: TAC GCC ATG CCC GAG CTA TAA AAT T DELETION SUBSTITUTION INSERTION

 Which mutations above would have the have the greatest impact on an organism? Why?

Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________ Deletion and insertion will cause a shift in the entire reading frame then different amino acids

C E D, F G F D H

 Define Chargaff’s Rule

AdenineThymineGuanineCytosine % of Each Base Pair38%

AdenineThymineGuanineCytosine % of Each Base Pair12%12%38%38% Automatically you should know that Cytosine will be the same as Guanine = 76% = 24 Adenine and Thymine = 24 Total 24/2 = 12% each

Questions #38

1 DNA Unwinds and Unzips Helix unwinds and 2 DNA strands separate at the Hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases 2 DNA Polyermase helps to link free floating DNA nucleotides with complimentary nucleotides on each of the two strands 3 Covalent bonds join nucleotides above and below each other on the new strands. Hydrogen bonds join complimentary base pairs 4 Each new DNA MOLECULE formed contains One parent strand and a new strand

#41 LIST THE DNA STRAND THAT IS COMPLIMENTARY TO THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND

 5’ AAT CCG GCA TCA ACG 3’  3’ TTA GGC CGT AGT TGC 5’

#42 LIST THE RNA STRAND THAT IS COMPLIMENTARY TO THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND

 5’ AAT CCG GCA TCA ACG 3’  3’ UUA GGC CGU AGU UGC 5’

 5’ AAT CCG GCA TCA ACG 3’

 3’ UUA GGC CGU AGU UGC 5’  LEU GLY ARG SER CYS

1. insertion – an extra nucleotide is added to the sequence. 2. deletion – a nucleotide is removed from the sequence. 3. inversion – a sequence of nucleotides is switched. 4. duplication – a nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides is repeated. 5. substitution – a nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide.

 Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATACAT  TACGTATGTA 

 Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATACAT  TACGTATGTA  Substitution

 Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATGCATG  TACGTACGTAC

 Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATGCATG  TACGTACGTAC Insertion (a base pair was added)

 Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA: ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA: ATGCATGCA  TACGTACGT

 Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA: ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA: ATGCATGCA  TACGTACGT Deletion (a base pair is missing)