Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 1 Session 10 Let’s Bring Everything Together

Agenda Ubuntu – A very modern Linux History of Unix History of Windows Virtualization Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 2

Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 3 Ubuntu

Computer operating system based on the Debian GNU/Linux distributionDebian GNU/Linux Distributed as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)Free and Open Source Software Named after the Southern African philosophy of Ubuntu (“humanity towards others”)Ubuntu Ubuntu is designed primarily for use on personal computers Although a server edition also exists Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 4

Ubuntu Ubuntu holds an estimated global usage of more than 12 million desktop users Most popular desktop Linux distribution with about 50% of Linux desktop marketshare It is fourth most popular on web servers and its popularity is increasing rapidly Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK-based company Canonical Ltd., owned by South African entrepreneur Mark ShuttleworthCanonical Ltd.Mark Shuttleworth Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 5

Ubuntu Canonical generates revenue by selling technical support and services The operating system itself is entirely free of charge. Ubuntu project is entirely committed to the principles of free software development; people are encouraged to use free software, improve it, and pass it on Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 6

Nelson Mandela Explains Ubuntu Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 7

Downloading Ubuntu Latest Version: (Oneiric Ocelot) Came out October 13 th, 2011 New version every six months LTS is for Long Term Support Download will create an.iso image Requires a special “burn” technique Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 8

Downloading Ubuntu Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 9

Downloading Ubuntu Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 10

Hands-on Exercises Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 11

Download Ubuntu Onto Your iMac We are going to download Ubuntu to your MacOS Save the.iso file to your Desktop This will take some time, so we’ll…chat! Then we’ll practice bringing it up under a virtual machine, VMFusion Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 12

Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 13 History of Unix/Linux

MULTICS In 50’s & 60’s there were only batch systems Submitted jobs on keypunched cards Needed a timesharing system MIT, GE, and Bell Labs created Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (MULTICS) Ken Thompson was an early pioneer Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 14

UNICS Bell Labs pulled out and Ken Thompson had nothing to do But he did have a tiny, discarded PDP-7 Created a stripped-down MULTICS Brian Kernighan, another researcher jokingly calls it UNiplex Information and Computing Service (UNICS) The castrated MULTICS, after a spelling change, becomes UNIX Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 15

PDP-11 UNIX Thompson’s worked impressed Dennis Ritchie who joined him, along with his whole department Ported to 16bit (64KB of instruction space) state-of-the-art PDP-11minicomputer (max 2MB memory) Ritchie designs a high level C language UNIX is rewritten in C language – a first! Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 16

PDP-11 UNIX Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie working on PDP-11 Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 17

PDP-11 UNIX In 1974 Ritchie and Thompson publish a landmark paper about UNIX They receive the prestigious ACM Turing Award in 1984 Paper stimulated many universities to ask Bell Labs for a copy of Unix – AT&T gives OK for small licensing fee PDP-11 was computer of choice in almost all university computer science departments UNIX, with source code, starts showing up everywhere Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 18

Portable UNIX Because it is written in C, moving it to a new machine, called porting, was easy In 1984 AT&T releases first commercial UNIX product, System III System V, the most successful release, comes out a year later AT&T sold it to Novell in 1993, who sold it to Santa Cruz Operations, in 1995 Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 19

Berkeley UNIX By now all major universities and companies has a license for UNIX Berkeley acquires Version 6 and modifies it significantly – better files system and networking TCP/IP becomes the de facto standard 4.3BSD and System V R3 form two branches POSIX – Portable Operating System is establish to create a common standard Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 20

Further Developments 1987 MINIX is the first microkernel design Minimal functionality in the kernel to make it reliable and efficient Other functions moved out to user processes X-Windows becomes the Graphical User Interface (GUI) MINIX was purposely kept small for students Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 21

Linux In 1991 a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, writes another UNIX clone LINUX is a full blown production system with many of the features MINIX was lacking Offers two different GUIs: GNOME and KDE Completely free, but uses GNU Public License The line between commercial and free software is beginning to blur Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 22

UNIX/Linux Goals Designed by programmers, for programmers Designed to be: Simple Elegant Consistent Powerful Flexible Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 23

Interfaces to Linux Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 24

Now Back To Our Favorite Linux… Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 25

Hands-on Exercises Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 26

Important URLs Ubuntu Download – this is where you get the Ubuntu distribution is the latestUbuntu Download – - this is the main Ubuntu pagehttp:// ubuntuguide.org – an excellent, excellent wiki about ubuntuubuntuguide.org – top Linux distributionswww.distrowatch.org Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 27

Homework Review the Slides Try To Create An ISO Disk Submit Your Take-Home Exam Fall 2011 Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 28