Chapter 6 End of Spanish Rule Pages

Section 1 Spanish Texas Alliances among several countries changed the boundary and settlement of Texas Pages

Spain Acquires Louisiana Great Britain’s victory over France in the Seven Years’ War ( ) changed the balance of power in the Americas Great Britain’s victory over France in the Seven Years’ War ( ) changed the balance of power in the Americas Under the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Great Britain gained Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi River except, New Orleans Under the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Great Britain gained Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi River except, New Orleans Spain got New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi (p. 138) Spain got New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi (p. 138) France was no longer a colonial power in North America France was no longer a colonial power in North America Spain questions whether the East Texas missions and presidios were still necessary Spain questions whether the East Texas missions and presidios were still necessary

Spain Closes East Texas Missions Spain sent Marques de Rubi to investigate the need for missions in New Spain (p. 139) Spain sent Marques de Rubi to investigate the need for missions in New Spain (p. 139) After touring 7,000 miles of New Spain, he realized Spain had neither the wealth nor the power to defend its missions After touring 7,000 miles of New Spain, he realized Spain had neither the wealth nor the power to defend its missions Rubi suggested Spain abandon all its missions in Texas except those in San Antonio and Goliad Rubi suggested Spain abandon all its missions in Texas except those in San Antonio and Goliad Spain could concentrate on forming alliances, or working agreements, with the Comanches against the Apaches Spain could concentrate on forming alliances, or working agreements, with the Comanches against the Apaches His plan was adopted in 1772 His plan was adopted in 1772 In 1773, the new Spanish governor of Texas, the Baron de Ripperda, closed the three remaining missions in East Texas In 1773, the new Spanish governor of Texas, the Baron de Ripperda, closed the three remaining missions in East Texas He ordered the 500 settlers in the area to move to San Antonio He ordered the 500 settlers in the area to move to San Antonio

Bucareli Gil Ybarbo – the leader of the East Texans who founded Nacogdoches (p. 139) Gil Ybarbo – the leader of the East Texans who founded Nacogdoches (p. 139) He pleaded for permission for the families to return to their former homes because the best land in San Antonio had already been taken He pleaded for permission for the families to return to their former homes because the best land in San Antonio had already been taken Governor de Ripperda refused, but allowed some of them to settle along the Trinity River, near present- day Madisonville Governor de Ripperda refused, but allowed some of them to settle along the Trinity River, near present- day Madisonville This town was named Bucareli This town was named Bucareli

Nacogdoches Founded Over the next four years, Bucareli did well Over the next four years, Bucareli did well Then crop failure, a smallpox epidemic, and conflict with the Comanches forced the colonists to move (p. 139) Then crop failure, a smallpox epidemic, and conflict with the Comanches forced the colonists to move (p. 139) In early 1779, Ybarbo moved the settlers back into East Texas (without government approval) where they founded Nacogdoches near the abandoned Mission Guadalupe In early 1779, Ybarbo moved the settlers back into East Texas (without government approval) where they founded Nacogdoches near the abandoned Mission Guadalupe

Settlers Face Many Dangers Spain’s effort to colonize Texas in the late 1700s was impeded by conflicts with the Native Americans (p. 140) Spain’s effort to colonize Texas in the late 1700s was impeded by conflicts with the Native Americans (p. 140) Spain lacked the available troops to keep the settlers safe Spain lacked the available troops to keep the settlers safe In the 1790s, Spain stopped funding the Texas missions and insisted the churches support themselves In the 1790s, Spain stopped funding the Texas missions and insisted the churches support themselves

Spain Helps the American Colonists While the Spanish were dealing with the problems in Texas, Americans east of the Mississippi River were fighting for independence from Great Britain While the Spanish were dealing with the problems in Texas, Americans east of the Mississippi River were fighting for independence from Great Britain Both France and Spain supported the colonists Both France and Spain supported the colonists

The United States Buys Louisiana In 1800, Spain was forced to give Louisiana back to France In 1800, Spain was forced to give Louisiana back to France In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for about $15 million In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for about $15 million What was the result of Louisiana Purchase for U.S.? What was the result of Louisiana Purchase for U.S.? The US doubled in size (p. 141) The US doubled in size (p. 141)

Disputes About Boundaries The United States insisted that the American territory extend at least to the Sabine River (now the Texas/Louisiana border) The United States insisted that the American territory extend at least to the Sabine River (now the Texas/Louisiana border) Spain claimed eastern boundary was a line from the Arroyo Hondo to the Calcasieu River in Louisiana Spain claimed eastern boundary was a line from the Arroyo Hondo to the Calcasieu River in Louisiana Spain and the Unites States reached a compromise Spain and the Unites States reached a compromise They agreed neither side would occupy the disputed area, and this territory became the Neutral Ground They agreed neither side would occupy the disputed area, and this territory became the Neutral Ground This area soon became a haven for smugglers and fugitives This area soon became a haven for smugglers and fugitives In 1819, the United States and Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty settling the dispute In 1819, the United States and Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty settling the dispute Spain transferred Florida to the United States and agreed to the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Texas (p. 142) Spain transferred Florida to the United States and agreed to the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Texas (p. 142) In return, the United States surrendered all claims to Texas In return, the United States surrendered all claims to Texas

Americans Migrate to Texas Farmers, traders and filibusters came to Texas Farmers, traders and filibusters came to Texas Filibusters = adventurers (p. 142) Filibusters = adventurers (p. 142)

Section 2 Unrest Grows in Texas As the call for freedom from Spain was proclaimed in Mexico, many patriots also called for the freedom of Texas Pages

Hidalgo Calls for Independence Many Mexicans became unhappy with Spanish rule Many Mexicans became unhappy with Spanish rule The best jobs in Mexico were reserved for men from Spain The best jobs in Mexico were reserved for men from Spain Spain increased Mexican taxes to help pay for wars in Europe Spain increased Mexican taxes to help pay for wars in Europe On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued a call for freedom from Spain On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued a call for freedom from Spain In his call, or grito, for independence, father Hidalgo challenged the Mexican people to recover land stolen from them 300 years earlier (p. 145) In his call, or grito, for independence, father Hidalgo challenged the Mexican people to recover land stolen from them 300 years earlier (p. 145) For a time, Hidalgo’s forces did well in battle For a time, Hidalgo’s forces did well in battle Their failure to capture Mexico City doomed their cause Their failure to capture Mexico City doomed their cause Hidalgo was captured in 1811 and executed Hidalgo was captured in 1811 and executed

Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (1 of 2) Hidalgo’s death did not stop the movement for independence Hidalgo’s death did not stop the movement for independence Rebels sent one of Father Hidalgo’s supporters, Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, to the United States for money and supplies (p. 145) Rebels sent one of Father Hidalgo’s supporters, Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, to the United States for money and supplies (p. 145) After Hidalgo was defeated, Gutierrez de Lara decided to invade Texas to free it from Spanish rule After Hidalgo was defeated, Gutierrez de Lara decided to invade Texas to free it from Spanish rule He began recruiting soldiers He began recruiting soldiers Lieutenant Agustus Magee resigned from the American army and joined Gutierrez Lieutenant Agustus Magee resigned from the American army and joined Gutierrez They joined together to fight for liberation in hopes of forming a republic in which voters choose people to represent them They joined together to fight for liberation in hopes of forming a republic in which voters choose people to represent them Their forces were called the Republican Army of the North Their forces were called the Republican Army of the North The Republican Army of the North fought for Texas’ independence (p. 145) The Republican Army of the North fought for Texas’ independence (p. 145)

Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (2 of 2) The Republican Army of the North captured Nacogdoches and Goliad The Republican Army of the North captured Nacogdoches and Goliad A larger Spanish force laid siege to Goliad for three months A larger Spanish force laid siege to Goliad for three months Magee died in February 1813 Magee died in February 1813 Samuel Kemper replaced Magee as commander of the Republican army (p. 146) Samuel Kemper replaced Magee as commander of the Republican army (p. 146) The Spanish suffered heavy losses and retreated The Spanish suffered heavy losses and retreated Kemper’s forces chased and defeated them in battle on March 29 Kemper’s forces chased and defeated them in battle on March 29 The Spanish then surrendered San Antonio The Spanish then surrendered San Antonio The leaders of the Republican Army issued a declaration of independence for Texas The leaders of the Republican Army issued a declaration of independence for Texas

Disagreements and Defeats The Americans and Mexicans began arguing over the nature of the new government for Texas The Americans and Mexicans began arguing over the nature of the new government for Texas The Americans favored a government similar to the United States with elected officials The Americans favored a government similar to the United States with elected officials The Mexicans preferred a government with appointed officials, much like New Spain’s The Mexicans preferred a government with appointed officials, much like New Spain’s Gutierrez De Lara also wanted Texas to remain a part of Mexico Gutierrez De Lara also wanted Texas to remain a part of Mexico In August 1813, the Republican army fought and lost its last battle near the Medina river In August 1813, the Republican army fought and lost its last battle near the Medina river As a result of General Joaquin de Arredondo’s victory, most of the Republican army were killed on the battlefield (p. 146) As a result of General Joaquin de Arredondo’s victory, most of the Republican army were killed on the battlefield (p. 146) Arredondo executed settlers in San Antonio and East Texas whom he suspected of helping Gutierrez de Lara Arredondo executed settlers in San Antonio and East Texas whom he suspected of helping Gutierrez de Lara Other settlers were forced to leave Texas Other settlers were forced to leave Texas As a result, the towns of Goliad and Nacogdoches were virtually deserted As a result, the towns of Goliad and Nacogdoches were virtually deserted

Revolutionaries and Pirates Even though the movement to free Texas from Spanish rule had failed, revolutionaries continued their activities in Louisiana and along the Gulf Coast Even though the movement to free Texas from Spanish rule had failed, revolutionaries continued their activities in Louisiana and along the Gulf Coast Revolutionaries got the help of French pirate Louis Michel Aury Revolutionaries got the help of French pirate Louis Michel Aury They appointed him commissioner of Galveston They appointed him commissioner of Galveston For several months he captured Spanish vessels along the coast of Texas For several months he captured Spanish vessels along the coast of Texas In April 1817, he transported an expedition of rebel troops along the Mexican coast In April 1817, he transported an expedition of rebel troops along the Mexican coast When he got back, he found Jean Laffite had taken over Galveston When he got back, he found Jean Laffite had taken over Galveston Aury sailed on to Florida and joined British adventurers Aury sailed on to Florida and joined British adventurers Laffite had aided the American Army against the British in the War of 1812, and thus was pardoned for previous crimes and moved his based to Galveston Laffite had aided the American Army against the British in the War of 1812, and thus was pardoned for previous crimes and moved his based to Galveston He claimed he was fighting for Mexican independence, but was more interested in capturing Spanish vessels for their valuable cargos He claimed he was fighting for Mexican independence, but was more interested in capturing Spanish vessels for their valuable cargos When his pirates attacked American ships, the US Navy stopped them When his pirates attacked American ships, the US Navy stopped them Laffite fled to the Caribbean Laffite fled to the Caribbean According to legend, Laffite buried a treasure of gold and silver on one of the islands along the Gulf Coast, but it has never been found! According to legend, Laffite buried a treasure of gold and silver on one of the islands along the Gulf Coast, but it has never been found!

Spain Exiles French Colonists While Laffite occupied Galveston Island, a group of French colonists tried to settle on the Trinity River near present-day Liberty While Laffite occupied Galveston Island, a group of French colonists tried to settle on the Trinity River near present-day Liberty The settlers built two small forts The settlers built two small forts The Spanish governor in Texas sent troops to remove the colonists The Spanish governor in Texas sent troops to remove the colonists Fearing this threat, the colony was abandoned in July 1818 Fearing this threat, the colony was abandoned in July 1818

James Long Invades Texas James Long was a Filibuster who tried to free Texas from Spain James Long was a Filibuster who tried to free Texas from Spain He was angered by the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 He was angered by the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 He objected to the US surrendering its claim to Texas He objected to the US surrendering its claim to Texas Long led a force of 300 rebels into Texas in the summer of 1819 and captured Nacogdoches (p.148) Long led a force of 300 rebels into Texas in the summer of 1819 and captured Nacogdoches (p.148) Long went to Galveston Island to ask Jean Lafitte for help Long went to Galveston Island to ask Jean Lafitte for help Laffite refused because he felt the revolutionaries had no chance without a large, disciplined army Laffite refused because he felt the revolutionaries had no chance without a large, disciplined army While Long was in Galveston, Spanish troops attacked and defeated Long’s troops in East Texas While Long was in Galveston, Spanish troops attacked and defeated Long’s troops in East Texas Long went to New Orleans, recruited more troops, and invaded Texas again, this time by sea Long went to New Orleans, recruited more troops, and invaded Texas again, this time by sea His troops moved along the coast and captured Goliad His troops moved along the coast and captured Goliad They were surrounded by Spanish troops and surrendered They were surrounded by Spanish troops and surrendered Long was taken to Mexico City, where he was killed by a guard Long was taken to Mexico City, where he was killed by a guard

Section 3 Spanish Rule Ends in Texas After independence from Spain, Mexicans and settlers in Texas maintained cultural ties to their places of origin Pages

Texas at the End of Spain’s Rule In September 1821, Mexico became independent from Spain In September 1821, Mexico became independent from Spain Texas was part of this new country Texas was part of this new country In the 300 years Spain ruled Texas, there had been little growth In the 300 years Spain ruled Texas, there had been little growth Only three settlements—San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches—stood in Texas’s interior Only three settlements—San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches—stood in Texas’s interior San Antonio, the capital and largest town, had more than 2,000 people (p. 151) San Antonio, the capital and largest town, had more than 2,000 people (p. 151) Goliad and Nacogdoches were nearly deserted Goliad and Nacogdoches were nearly deserted A few settlements existed along Texas’s several borders A few settlements existed along Texas’s several borders Laredo was not considered to be a part of Texas Laredo was not considered to be a part of Texas Settlers in Ysleta (near El Paso) were governed by Spanish authorities in New Mexico (p. 151) Settlers in Ysleta (near El Paso) were governed by Spanish authorities in New Mexico (p. 151) Settlers in Pecan Point and Jonesborough considered themselves part of the Arkansas Territory, which belonged to the US Settlers in Pecan Point and Jonesborough considered themselves part of the Arkansas Territory, which belonged to the US

Spanish Neglect (1 of 2) Spain had been unable to attract many Spanish settlers to Texas for several reasons Spain had been unable to attract many Spanish settlers to Texas for several reasons No gold or silver No gold or silver From as early as the 1500s (1519), Mexico City had developed into sophisticated city with universities, artists, physicians, and all the comforts of civilized societies From as early as the 1500s (1519), Mexico City had developed into sophisticated city with universities, artists, physicians, and all the comforts of civilized societies To get ahead, men knew they had to be in Mexico City instead of a remote province like Texas To get ahead, men knew they had to be in Mexico City instead of a remote province like Texas Mexico and the Pacific slopes of California were more fertile Mexico and the Pacific slopes of California were more fertile There was plenty of land and peaceful Native Americans willing to work the fields and tend the livestock There was plenty of land and peaceful Native Americans willing to work the fields and tend the livestock In Texas, most Native Americans remained unfriendly or showed little interest in Spanish culture and religion In Texas, most Native Americans remained unfriendly or showed little interest in Spanish culture and religion

Spanish Neglect (2 of 2) Thus, Texas was not high on Spain’s list of priorities Thus, Texas was not high on Spain’s list of priorities Antonio Martinez became governor in 1817 Antonio Martinez became governor in 1817 He described poor conditions in San Antonio, including: He described poor conditions in San Antonio, including: hungry troops hungry troops an empty storehouse an empty storehouse no money from the paymaster no money from the paymaster He claimed he needed additional troops to defend Spain’s interests in Texas p. 152 He claimed he needed additional troops to defend Spain’s interests in Texas p. 152

Spanish Legacy Despite not populating Texas, Spain left its mark on Texas Despite not populating Texas, Spain left its mark on Texas Cities, rivers, and bays bear names derived from the Spanish language Cities, rivers, and bays bear names derived from the Spanish language The El Camino Real was a road that connected Nacogdoches, San Antonio, and Saltillo. The Royal Highway (p. 153) The El Camino Real was a road that connected Nacogdoches, San Antonio, and Saltillo. The Royal Highway (p. 153) The Atascocita Road was used for military purposes by 1760 The Atascocita Road was used for military purposes by 1760 This trail went through the area where the cities of Beaumont, Liberty, and Houston are located. Today, Highway 90 follows a similar route. This trail went through the area where the cities of Beaumont, Liberty, and Houston are located. Today, Highway 90 follows a similar route. Settlers brought horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs into Texas Settlers brought horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs into Texas Texans used the Spanish ranching system, with its practices, methods, and equipment, such as lariats and chaps Texans used the Spanish ranching system, with its practices, methods, and equipment, such as lariats and chaps Vaqueros made the first long cattle drives from South Texas to markets in Louisiana Vaqueros made the first long cattle drives from South Texas to markets in Louisiana Tejanos adapted Spanish customs to frontier conditions p. 153 Tejanos adapted Spanish customs to frontier conditions p. 153 The story of the Spanish settlers did not end when Mexico gained its independence The story of the Spanish settlers did not end when Mexico gained its independence Many remained in Texas while others from Mexico migrated later Many remained in Texas while others from Mexico migrated later Nearly six million Texans today have Spanish names Nearly six million Texans today have Spanish names Many more speak, read, and write Spanish Many more speak, read, and write Spanish

El Camino Real

Atascocito Road

Essay Questions You must answer two The third is for extra credit

Explain the influence Spanish culture had on Texas (p. 153) Spaniards brought their language, architecture, system of law and government, and religion to Texas Spaniards brought their language, architecture, system of law and government, and religion to Texas Rivers, cities, and roads bear Spanish names. Rivers, cities, and roads bear Spanish names. Also, Spaniards mapped and explored vast lands in Texas. Also, Spaniards mapped and explored vast lands in Texas.

Explain the origin of the Adams-Onis Treaty, its terms, and how it affected the Neutral Ground. (p. 142) The Adams-Onis Treaty settled a border dispute between the US and Spain The Adams-Onis Treaty settled a border dispute between the US and Spain The terms of the treaty transferred Florida to the US and made the Sabine River the eastern boundary of Texas The terms of the treaty transferred Florida to the US and made the Sabine River the eastern boundary of Texas The US surrendered all claims to Texas The US surrendered all claims to Texas The Neutral Ground was now US territory The Neutral Ground was now US territory

Why did the signing of the Treaty of Paris cause four East Texas missions to close and the settlers to relocate? (p ) The Treaty of Paris suddenly changed the balance of power in the Americas The Treaty of Paris suddenly changed the balance of power in the Americas France was no longer a colonial power France was no longer a colonial power Spain received New Orleans and all lands west of the Mississippi Spain received New Orleans and all lands west of the Mississippi