McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. SOCIOLOGY: A Brief Introduction Richard T. Schaefer Sixth Edition

chapter McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE Minority, Racial, and Ethnic GroupsMinority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Prejudice and Discriminationand Discrimination Studying Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity Patterns of Intergroup RelationsPatterns of Intergroup Relations Race and Ethnicity in the United StatesEthnicity in the United States Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global ImmigrationPolicy and Race and Ethnicity: Global Immigration 10 RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups –Racial Group: group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences –Ethnic Group: group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns █ Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups –Properties of minority groups include: Unequal treatment Distinguishing cultural characteristics Involuntary membership Solidarity In-group marriage █ Minority Groups Groups whose members have significantly less control or power than members of the dominant or majority group

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups –Racial Group Minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences –Biological Significance of Race There are no “pure races” Migration, exploration, and invasion led to intermingling of races █ Race

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Process whereby people define a group as race in part on physical characteristics and in part on historical, cultural, and economic factors Stereotype: unreliable generalization about all members of group that does not recognize individual differences within the group █ Race –Social Construction of Race

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █ Figure 10.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, (Projected) Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton Continued…

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █ Figure 10.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, (Projected) Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton Continued…

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █ Figure 10.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, (Projected) Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Continued…

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups –Ethnic group set apart from others based on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns –Distinction between racial groups and ethnic groups socially significant █ Ethnicity

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination –Prejudice: Negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority –Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others –Racism: Belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior █ Prejudice and Discrimination

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination –Discrimination: denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified minority members Glass Ceiling: invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity █ Discriminatory Behavior

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination █ Figure 10.2: Active Hate Groups in the United States, 2002 Source: Southern Poverty Law Center 2003.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination –Often overlook the privileges that dominant groups enjoy at the expense of others In U.S., Whiteness does carry privileges—to a much greater extent than most White people realize █ The Privileges of the Dominant

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination –Denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from normal operations of a society –Institutional discrimination consistently affects some racial and ethnic groups more than others █ Institutional Discrimination

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination –Commission on Civil Rights identified the following as forms of institutional discrimination: Requiring English only to be spoken at work Preferential admissions policies by colleges Restrictive employment-leave policies █ Institutional Discrimination

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prejudice and Discrimination █ Institutional Discrimination –Affirmative Action: Positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Studying Race and Ethnicity –Nash’s functions of racial prejudice for the dominant group include: Moral Justification for maintaining an unequal society Discouraging subordinate groups from questioning their status Encouraging support for the existing order █ Functionalist Perspective

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Studying Race and Ethnicity Society that practices discrimination fails to use resources of all individuals Discrimination aggravates social problems █ Functionalist Perspective –Rose identified dysfunctions associated with racism Society must invest time and money to defend barriers to full participation Racial prejudice undercuts goodwill and diplomatic relations between nations

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Studying Race and Ethnicity –Exploitation Theory: Racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies the dominant group with cheap labor By forcing minorities to accept low wages, capitalists can restrict wages of all workers Workers from the dominant group wanting higher wages can be replaced by minorities who must accept lower wages █ Conflict Perspective

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Studying Race and Ethnicity █ Conflict Perspective –Racial Profiling: any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person’s behavior

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Studying Race and Ethnicity █ Interactionist Perspective –Contact Hypothesis: Interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Patterns of Intergroup Relations –Genocide: Deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation –Expulsion: Forced removal of people from region or country █ Extreme Behaviors

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Patterns of Intergroup Relations –Happens when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group The melting pot belief became compelling in the early twentieth century in the U.S. █ Amalgamation

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Patterns of Intergroup Relations –Process by which person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture As persons become more assimilated, they retain fewer of their original cultural characteristics. █ Assimilation

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Patterns of Intergroup Relations –Refers to physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence –Apartheid: Republic of South Africa severely restricted the movement of Blacks and non-Whites through segregation █ Segregation

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Patterns of Intergroup Relations –Based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures. Allows minority group to express its own culture and participate without prejudice in larger society Switzerland exemplifies a modern pluralistic state. █ Pluralism

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States –African Americans African Americans currently largest minority group in U.S. Contemporary institutional discrimination and individual prejudice against African Americans rooted in history of slavery In many respects, the civil rights movement of 1960s left institutionalized discrimination against African Americans untouched █ Racial Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Figure 10.3: Census 2000: The Image Diversity

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States 2.5 million Native Americans represent diverse array of cultures distinguishable by language, family organization, religion, and livelihood Life remains difficult for members of 554 tribal groups in U.S. An increasing number of Americans are claiming identity as Native American █ Racial Groups –Native Americans

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States Asian Americans comprise one of fastest growing segments of U.S. population Asian Americans often held up as model or ideal minority group █ Racial Groups –Asian Americans

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States Vietnamese Americans –Came to U.S. during and after Vietnam War –Over time gravitated toward larger urban areas Chinese Americans –Encouraged to immigrate to U.S. from 1850 to 1880 –Currently, about 2.7 million Chinese Americans live in U.S. █ Racial Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States –Issei: first generation of Japanese immigrants –In August 1943, 113,000 Japanese Americans forced into hastily built camps in response to World War II –In 1983, Federal commission recommended government payments to all surviving Japanese Americans who had been held in detention camps. █ Racial Groups Japanese Americans

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States –At 1.2 million, population of Korean Americans exceeds that of Japanese Americans –Three waves of immigration █ Racial Groups Korean Americans Korean American-run businesses often encounter hostility from their prospective customers.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States Largest minority in the United States Share heritage of Spanish language and culture –Can be problematic for assimilation in the U.S. █ Ethnic Groups –Latinos Intelligent students whose first language is Spanish may be presumed slow or unruly by English- speaking students and teachers

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States Mexican Americans –Largest Latino population –Aside from family, church (especially the Roman Catholic church) most important social organization █ Ethnic Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States Puerto Ricans –Residents of Puerto Rico host status of American citizens –Experienced serious poverty in the U.S. and on the island Cuban Americans –Immigration began in earnest following Castro’s assumption of power in Cuban Revolution (1959) –Cuban experience in U.S. mixed █ Ethnic Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Figure 10.5: Major Hispanic Groups in the U.S., 2002 Source: Therrien and Ramirez 2001:1.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States Constitute almost 3 percent of population Have high levels of education and professional training –Anti-Semitism: anti-Jewish prejudice Face problems of maintaining cultural heritage and assimilation █ Ethnic Groups –Jewish Americans

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Ethnic Groups –White Ethnics White ethnics’ ancestors came from Europe in last 100 years. Symbolic ethnicity: emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Worldwide, immigration is at all time high Constantly increasing number of immigrants puts pressure on job markets and welfare systems of the countries they enter Who should be allowed in? At what point should immigration be curtailed? █ Global Immigration –The Issue

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Immigration of people not uniform across time or space More and more migrants who cannot make adequate livings in their home nations are making permanent moves to developed nations Fear and resentment of racial and ethnic diversity is a key factor in opposition to immigration █ Global Immigration –The Setting

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █ Figure 10.6: Immigration in the United States, 1820s-1990s

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █ Figure 10.7: Foreign-Born Population of the United States, 2000

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Immigration provides many valuable functions Alleviates labor shortages, as it does in health care and technology in the U.S. For the sending nation, migration can relieve economies unable to support large numbers of people █ Global Immigration –Sociological Insights

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Conflict theorists note how much of the debate over immigration is phrased in economic terms █ Global Immigration –Sociological Insights Debate intensifies when arrivals are of different racial and ethnic backgrounds from the host population.

McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Intense debate over immigration reflects deep value conflicts in cultures of many nations Hostility to potential immigrants and refugees reflects not only racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice, but desire to maintain dominant culture of in-group by keeping out those viewed as outsiders █ Global Immigration –Policy Initiatives