Chapter 13—Race and Ethnicity Jon Witt

13-2 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. What’s to Come? >Racial and Ethnic GroupsRacial and Ethnic Groups >Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and Discrimination >Sociological Perspectives on Race and EthnicitySociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity >Race and Ethnicity in the United StatesRace and Ethnicity in the United States >ImmigrationImmigration

13-3 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. As You Read █ How do sociologists define race and ethnicity? █ What are prejudice and discrimination, and how do they operate? █ What are the consequences of race and ethnicity for opportunity? >>

13-4 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Election of Barack Obama as president marked a watershed moment in American history Since European colonists, intergroup relations based on ethnic and racial background have played powerful role in shaping both interaction and opportunity in U.S.

13-5 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Minority Group Subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than members of dominant group >Racial Group Group set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance >Ethnic Group Group set apart from others primarily because of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

13-6 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Race Social Construction of Race We socially construct racial categories to reconcile significant differences between us People in U.S. tend to lump others into traditional categories of “Black,” “White,” and “Asian.”

13-7 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Race Social Construction of Race Process by which people come to define a group as a race based on physical characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic factors Racial Formation Sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed Stereotype Unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

13-8 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012s: Table S0201.

13-9 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Race Multiple Identities 2000 and 2010 Census allowed people to select more than one category when identifying their race –People can now choose from five major race categories—White, Black, Asian, Native American, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander—in addition to “Some other race.”

13-10 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: Nobles 2000:1739; U.S. Census Bureau 2010c.

13-11 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Ethnicity An ethnic group is set apart from others explicitly because of its national origin or cultural patterns Distinction between racial and ethnic minorities not always clear-cut Distinction between racial and ethnic groups is socially significant

13-12 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Prejudice and Discrimination >Prejudice Negative attitude toward an entire category of people Tends to perpetuate false definitions of individuals and groups Ethnocentrism Tendency to assume one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others Racism Belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior Color-blind Racism Use of principle of race neutrality to perpetuate racially unequal status quo

13-13 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Prejudice and Discrimination >Discrimination Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons Discriminatory Behavior Can occur with or without prejudiced attitudes Hate Crime Criminal offense committed because of offender’s bias against an individual based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation Glass Ceiling In the U.S., minorities are less likely to be promoted to high levels of authority than White men

13-14 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: U.S. Department of Justice 2011c: Table 1.

13-15 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Prejudice and Discrimination >Discrimination Racial Profiling Any police- initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person’s behavior Often based on explicit stereotypes Occurs despite overwhelming evidence that race is not valid predictor of criminal behavior

13-16 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Prejudice and Discrimination >The Privileges of the Dominant Often overlooked aspect of discrimination White privilege is the other side of the coin of racial discrimination Most White people rarely think about their “Whiteness,” taking their status for granted Little need for White people to leave their comfort zone Parenting easier Job seeking advantage

13-17 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Prejudice and Discrimination >Institutional Discrimination Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal operations of a society Affirmative Action Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities Discriminatory practices continue to pervade nearly all areas of life in the United States

13-18 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Note: Includes only people working full-time, year-round, 16 years and older. White refers to non-Hispanic Whites. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012s:Table S0201.

13-19 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity >Social Order and Inequality Dominant ideology provides a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society that routinely deprives minority groups of their rights and privileges Exploitation Theory Views racial subordination in U.S. as manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism Discrimination limits search for talent and leadership to dominant group

13-20 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: Pew Research Center 2007:30.

13-21 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity >Contact Hypothesis Theory that, in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice Trend in U.S. society is toward increasing contact between individuals from dominant and subordinate groups

13-22 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity >Patterns of Intergroup Relations Genocide Deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation Expulsion Systematic removal of a group of people from society Amalgamation When a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group Assimilation Process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

13-23 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

13-24 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity >Patterns of Intergroup Relations Segregation Physical separation of two or more groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events, often imposed on a minority by a dominant group Apartheid Former policy of South African government designed to maintain separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites Residential segregation remains the norm in the United States, even with laws outlawing housing discrimination

13-25 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity >Patterns of Intergroup Relations Pluralism Mutual respect for one another’s cultures among various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice

13-26 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Race and Ethnicity in the United States >Racial Groups African Americans As of 2011, over 27% living in poverty Contemporary institutional discrimination and individual prejudice against African Americans rooted in history of slavery Black Power Political philosophy, popular among young Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions Black and White citizens are still separate, still unequal

13-27 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Note: U.S. Census categories vary over time. Sources: Gibson and Jung 2002: Table 1; U.S. Census Bureau 2012s: Table S0201, 2012t: Table 6.

13-28 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: National Center for Health Statistics 2013:Table 18.

13-29 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Racial Groups Native Americans 2.5 million Native Americans represent diverse array of cultures distinguishable by language, family organization, religion, and livelihood Life remains difficult for members of 562 tribal groups in U.S. Introduction of gambling on Indian reservations transformed lives of some Native Americans About two-thirds of recognized tribes not involved in gambling

13-30 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Racial Groups Asian Americans One of the fastest growing segments of U.S. population Often held up as model or ideal minority –Model Minority Subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination This representation minimizes the degree of diversity among Asian Americans

13-31 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: DeNavas-Walt et al. 2012:Table 3.

13-32 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Racial Groups Asian Americans Vietnamese Americans –Came to U.S. during and after Vietnam War and, over time, gravitated toward larger urban areas –Currently number about 1.6 million Chinese Americans –Encouraged to immigrate to U.S. from 1850 to 1880 –Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 sharply restricted immigration for decades –Currently, about 3.5 million Chinese Americans live in U.S.

13-33 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Racial Groups Asian Americans Japanese Americans –About 757,000 live in the U.S. –Detention in “evacuation” camps during World War II caused severe financial and emotional hardship Korean Americans –1.5 million live in U.S. –First wave of immigration, 1903–1910; second wave followed Korean War –In early 1990s, friction between Korean Americans and African Americans attracted attention

13-34 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012s:Table S0201.

13-35 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Racial Groups Arab Americans Arab Americans hail from 22 nations Arabic language is most unifying force among Arabs Up to 1.8 million people of Arab ancestry reside in U.S. Most are not Muslim For years, and especially after the September 2001 terror attacks, Arab Americans subject to profiling and surveillance by law enforcement

13-36 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: Arab American Institute 2008.

13-37 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Ethnic Groups Hispanics are largest minority in U.S. In 2011, nearly 52 million Hispanics in U.S. Latino population outnumbers African American population in 8 of the 10 largest cities of the U.S. Latino groups share a heritage of Spanish language and culture, and this can cause serious problems in their assimilation

13-38 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Note: Counties in grey lack sufficient data. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, Table B03002.

13-39 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Ethnic Groups Mexican Americans Largest Hispanic population in the U.S. Opportunity to earn much more money in U.S. than in Mexico has drawn millions of immigrants, documented and undocumented, north Aside from family, most important social institution is the Catholic church Puerto Ricans Second-largest group Residents of Puerto Rico have held the status of American citizens since 1917 Cuban Americans Major immigration followed Castro’s seizure of power in 1959

13-40 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: Ennis et al

13-41 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012s:Table S0201.

13-42 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Racial and Ethnic Groups >Ethnic Groups Jewish Americans Constitute about 2 percent of population U.S. has world’s largest concentration of Jews Anti-Semitism Anti-Jewish prejudice White Ethnics Make up significant segment of U.S. population Symbolic Ethnicity Ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

13-43 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Immigration >Constantly increasing numbers of immigrants raise difficult questions 191 million international immigrants in the world, or 3 percent of global population Mass migrations have tremendous social impact

13-44 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Immigration >Immigration Trends Migration of people is not uniform across time or space Currently seven of world’s wealthiest nations shelter about one-third of migrant population Immigrants continue to face obstacles due to relative lack of resources Transnationals are people or families who move across borders multiple times in search of better jobs and education

13-45 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: J. Allen 2008.

13-46 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Immigration >Immigration Policies Often, clear racial and ethnic biases are built into immigration policies Since 1960s, U.S. encouraged immigration of relatives of residents and people with desirable skills Recently, immigrants staged massive marches to pressure Congress to speed the naturalization process and develop ways for illegal immigrants to gain legal residency Intense debate over immigration reflects deep value conflicts in the cultures of many nations

13-47 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Source: Homeland Security; Office of Immigration Statistics 2012.

13-48 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.