Turn in homework in the front tray

Chapter 1 New World Beginnings

Earth’s Origin Originally a single continent Appalachian Mts formed during this time Split slowly occurs

N. America Rockies/Sierra Nevadas/Cascades formed later and held together by the Canadian Shield Ice Age: Water freezes, water level goes down exposing land bridge between Eurasia and N. America

Early America Early Americans came from Asia (native Am. Indians) Relied on corn/maize 3 sister farming: ***Corn, Beans, Squash*** Loosely defined tribes w/substantial authority given to women

Indirect Discoverers Norse: Scandinavians- New Foundland perished Crusades ( AD) Muslim vs. Christians Marco Polo (1295) news of riches in Far East: – Silk – Opium –Perfumes –Tapestry –Spices, especially sugar and salt Obtained items overland through Muslim territory who charged a toll. Made end price expensive (only royalty could afford, which made Muslims wealthy)

Europeans Couldn’t sail South along coast of Africa and return against prevailing winds caravel invented (ship that could sail closer to the wind –Impact: exposed to Africa’s gold and slave trade.

Africans/Arabs Flesh markets- increase $ if slave was from distant source slave less likely to be rescued or escape –Didn’t know language or the terrain –Indirect impact: fosters extension of regional African culture and tribal identities

Portugese Est. Sugar plantations on various islands off coast of Africa. Brazil Created demand for slave labor Starts the African slave trade

Explorers Bartholomew Diaz 1488-explored and rounded horn of Africa Vasco de Gama explored east coast of Africa to India

Age of Renaissance: Exploration flourished 3 reasons why sailing improved: –Compass invented which created better maps using the concept of latitude and longitude –Printing Press invented –better communication –Improvements in naval architecture- Prince Henry “the Navigator” of Portugal—hull of ships got bigger to carry more supplies and water

Spain The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella created a single state when the Moors/Muslims were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula –Columbus contracted with Isabella to find alternate route to the Far East –Admiral –Land claimed for Spain –Columbus gets to keep 10% –100 soldiers –3 ships (Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria) –Sails west and sites land October 12, 1492 (San Salvador/Bahamas)

Stage is now set for the Columbian Exchange Columbus opens door to the transfer of plants, animals, goods, diseases from Europe, Africa, and the Americas Europe: Markets, Capitals and Technology Africa: Slave Labor N. America: Raw Materials (Precious metals and soil for sugar cultivation)

Colombian Exchange Old World –Cattle –Pigs –Horses –Seeds –Bluegrass –Dandelions –Daises –Diseases –Smallpox –Malaria –Yellow fever New world –Animals –Buffalo –Iguana –Rattlesnakes –Tobacco –Corn –Beans –Potatoes –Tomatoes –Raw materials

Treaty of Tordesillas New world divided- Treaty of Tordesailles divides new world in a civilized manner by the pope who draws the line

Spanish Conquistadors Vasco Balboa- Panama, Pacific Ocean Juan Ponce de Leon- Florida; myth of the fountain of youth Ferdinand Magellan- straits of Magellan/ S. Am; credit for sailing 1 st around the world Hernan Cortes- Mexico/Aztecs; fights Montezuma; known for creating Mestizos ( Mexicans) ½ Indian and ½ European Francisco Pizarro- Peru/Incas Hernandez de Soto- Florida, Miss/Arkansas river 1540-Francisco Coronado- TX/ AZ/NM/KA and discovered the Grand Canyon

Black Legend False concept that all conquers –Tortured –Butchered (Killings for Christ) –Stole gold –Spread diseases –Left only misery behind Reality: some of the above was done. Erected colossal empire Blended culture, laws, religion, and people

1542- California Coastline San Diego, mission

1497/98 John Cabot North East Coast of North America