November 20, 2014 Do Now— 1. Grab a computer and go to and click on “Student Login” 2. Enter room number Enter last name first, first name last 4. Answer the Do Now question and then hit submit.

Review for the Final Exam 1. Using either a smartphone or computer…Go to and click on “Student Login” 2. Enter room number Enter last name first, first name last 4. Answer the questions for review. NOTES ARE NOT ALLOWED!!!

Assessing the Readings 1. What did you agree and disagree with in the article? Explain why. 2. Do you agree with the author’s assessment on the issue of race in St. Louis? Why? 3. Explain how this article may have changed your perspective on the issue of race in the city of St. Louis. What did you learn that may be new to you?

December 4, 2015 Do Now—Pretest 1. What is judicial review? 2. For each of the following, predict what was the significance of each of the following decisions? Miranda v. Arizona Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS

Objective  How are the landmark Supreme Court cases relevant?

Supreme Court Cases  Docket—calendar of cases the Court will hear  Steps in Making a Decision Written arguments: explains the side’s position, brief Oral arguments: 30 minutes to summarize their case Conference: private meetings to discuss; 5 justices must be present to make a decision

Supreme Court Cases  Steps in Making a Decision (cont.) Opinion Writing ○ Majority opinion—views of the majority of the justices, the facts of the case, explains the court’s reasoning ○ Dissenting opinion—disagrees with the majority opinion ○ Concurring opinion—agree with the majority, but not the reasoning Announcement

Landmark Cases  Marbury v. Madison (1803)  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)  Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Facts:William Marbury, was designated as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Marbury and several others were appointed to government posts created by Congress in the last days of John Adams's presidency, but these last-minute appointments were never fully finalized. The disgruntled appointees invoked an act of Congress and sued for their jobs in the Supreme Court.  Question:Is Marbury entitled to his appointment? Is the Supreme Court the place for Marbury to get the relief he requests?  Decision: When the Constitution--the nation's highest law--conflicts with an act of the legislature, that act is invalid. This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  Facts: In 1816, Congress chartered The Second Bank of the United States. In 1818, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay the tax.  Question: The case presented two questions: Did Congress have the authority to establish the bank? Did the Maryland law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?  Decision: in a conflict between state and national power, the national government is supreme

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Facts: The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Plessy took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested.  Question: Is Louisiana's law mandating racial segregation on its trains an unconstitutional infringement on both the privileges and immunities and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment?  Decision: Upheld state imposed racial segregation. Segregation does not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954)  Facts: Black children were denied admission to public schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to the races. The white and black schools approached equality in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications, and teacher salaries.  Question: Does the segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprive the minority children of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment?  Decision: Separate but equal is inherently unequal in the context of public education.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)  Facts: Ernesto Miranda was arrested after a crime victim identified him, but police officers questioning him did not inform him of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, or of his Sixth Amendment right to the assistance of an attorney. While he confessed to the crime, his attorney later argued that his confession should have been excluded from trial.  Question: Does the police practice of interrogating individuals without notifying them of their right to counsel and their protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment?  Decision: at the time of arrest suspects cannot be questioned until informed of their rights