Bioinorganic chemistry Introduction

Bioinorganic chemistry Lectures Date Week Title Lecturer 11 Sep 1 Introduction; Essential Elements G. Toth 18 Sep 2 Evolution of the Bioelements and Their Incorporation into Biological Systems 25 Sep 3 Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals Z. Berente 02 Oct 4 Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Main Group Metals (Al, Si, As, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi) 09 Oct 5 Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, Metalloproteins I 16 Oct 6 Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, Metalloproteins II 23 Oct 7 National Holiday 30 Oct 8 Bioinorganic Chemistry of Iron; MIDTERM TEST 06 Nov 9 Metal Compounds in the Medical Practice 13 Nov 10 Biological Role of Nitrogen, Nitrogen Oxides and Reactive Nitrogen Species A. Agocs 20 Nov 11 Oxygen, Ozone, Oxygen Containing Free Radicals 27 Nov 12 Phosphorus and Sulphur in Biological Systems 04 Dec 13 Biological Role of Selenium; Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Halogens 11 Dec 14 SEMESTER TEST

Bioinorganic chemistry as a highly interdisciplinary research field biochemistry (micro-) biology physiology physics pharmacology toxicology Bioinorganic chemistry

Bioinorganic Chemistry biological chemistry of the elements - inorganic chemistry of life Living organisms require: 1. Temperature from 0°C to about 40 °C 2. Pressure of the order of 1 atm = 101 kPa 3. Salinity up to about 4% 4. pH in the range 4 to 9 5. Redox potential -0.4 to + 0.8 V at pH = 7 6. Water activity 0.7 to 1.0 mole fraction Essential feature of life: Continuous adaptation to changing environmental conditions

Interrelationship between the three interlocking features of a biological system Living system DNA/RNA plan (genetics) Proteins Membranes Saccharides (machinery) Electrones Ions Energy (bio-energetics) compartments

Biológiai rendszerek általános felépítése Élő szervezetek DNA/RNA (genetikai) Proteinek Membránok Szénhidrátok (felépítés) Elektronok Ionok Energia (bio-energetikai) csoportok

Evolution of life essential elements Earth solidified ~ 4 billion years ago 81 stabile elements Elements of the living organism: Elements in large scale: 11 elements H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca Elements in small scale: 7 elements Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, I, Mo Elements of a few species: 7 elements B, F, Si, V, Cr, Se, Sn

Non-essential elements Life essential macro elements Life essential trace elements H O C N P S Fe Cu Zn Mn Mo Cl K Na Ca Mg Co Cr Se Ni F V Non-essential elements Be As Si B Li Ag Sn Rb Cs Sr Ba Al Y Ga In Tl Ge Pb Sb Bi Te Au Br Sc Ti Zr Hf Nb Ta W Rc Cd Hg

Periodic Table bulk eliments for some species trace eliments

Interaction of some elements (Chowdhuri, Chandra) Mn Fe Cd Cu Zn Pb Ca Se Hg Cr

Concentration and physiological effect

% of total number of atoms in human body Element % of total number of atoms in human body Number of grams in a 70-kg Man H 63 6580 O 25.5 48550 C 9.5 12590 N 1.4 1815 Ca 0.31 1700 P 0.22 680 K 0.06 250 S 0.05 100 Cl 0.03 115 Na 70 Mg 0.01 42 Fe < 0.01 7 Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, V, Cr, Ni, F, 1 Si, Se, As

Chemical evolution of life: ~ 1.5 billion years ago Formation of biologically important molecules Biomonomers Biopolymers ~103 ~1010 e.g.: HCN Nitriles Aminonitriles Amino acids Polypeptides

Miller-Urey Experiment (Spontaneous Generation)

Raw ingredients assumed to have been present in atmosphere and hydrosphere of Early Earth: water carbon dioxide carbon monoxide N-gases S-gases methane ? yields: amino acids, sugars, nucleic acid bases, lipids Raw Ingredients Monomers Polymers Cell Membrane Reproduction Living Cell

Origin of Life Life was formed in fluid medium Adaptation to a reducing atmosphere Adaptation to an oxidizing atmosphere ad. a) Cell-like structures: - Hydrophobic interactions (formation of coacervate droplets, micelle) - Protenoid microsphere - Primitive gene ad. b) CO2, N2, CH4, H2O, CO, H2S, HCN, NH3 ad. c) Product of photosynthesis

Ion concentrations in sea water and extracellular blood plasma Sea water (mM) Blood plasma (mM) Na+ 470 138 Mg2+ 50 1 Ca2+ 10 3 K+ 4 Cl- 55 100 HPO2-4 0.001 SO2-4 28 Fe2+/3+ 0.0001 0.02 Zn2+ Cu2+ 0.015

Biopolymers The chemistry of living organisms is called biochemistry Biochemical molecules tend to be very large and difficult to synthesize Living organisms are highly ordered. Therefore, living organism have very low entropy Most biologically important molecules are polymers, called biopolymers Biopolymers fall into three classes: proteins polysaccharides (carbohydrates), and nucleic acids